Author Correction: Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes identifies driver rearrangements promoted by LINE-1 retrotransposition

Correction to: Nature Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0562-0, published online 05 February 2020

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Effects of growth hormone on insulin signal transduction in rat adipose tissue maintained in vitro

Growth hormone treatment (GH) decreases adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin. However, the exact molecular mechanism(s) involved remains unclear. In the present study, we have evaluated the chronic effects of GH on adipose tissue explants cultured in a defined media. The objective was, to determine the effects of GH treatment for 24 and 48 hours on the early steps of the insulin signal transduction, including IRS-3. The 24-hour culture media contained no hormones or 100 ng/ml GH. The 48-hour culture media contained insulin and dexamethasone supplemented with or without 100 ng/ml of GH. Results demonstrated a reduction in the cellular concentration of IRS-1 by around 30% when adipose tissue was chronically treated with growth hormone for either 24 or 48 hours. IRS-3 protein levels were also decreased by 15% after the 24-hour treatment, and by 27% after culture with GH for 48 hours in the presence of insulin and dexamethasone. PI 3-kinase concentrations were also reduced by GH in both experiments by around 25%. At the end of the 24-hour culture with GH adipose explants were stimulated with insulin in a short-term incubation, after which phosphorylation and association of the IRSs with PI 3-kinase were evaluated. After the insulin stimulus, the association of PI 3-kinase with IRS-1 and IRS-3 were decreased in explants chronically cultured with GH by 44 and 28%, respectively. After this short-term insulin stimulus, the IRS-3 phosphorylation was also lowered in GH-treated explants. The results with chronic cultures of adipose presented here are consistent with similar changes in IRS-1 and IRS-2 concentration and phosphorylation observed for liver and muscle after long-term (3-5 days) in vivo treatment with GH. The data suggest that chronic GH treatment alters the early steps of the insulin signal transduction pathway, and may explain the changes in adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin.30222523

Residual bacteriome after chemomechanical preparation of root canals in primary and secondary infections

Secondary infections may be linked to the presence of residual microorganisms within dental root canals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the bacterial composition of primary and secondary root canal infections, before and after chemomechanical treatment. Samples were collected before chemomechanical preparation (S1) and prior obturation (S2) from 19 subjects (10 primary and 9 secondary infections). DNA was extracted and the V3/V4 region of the 16SrRNA gene was amplified using the 347F/803R primers and paired-end sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq instrument. Sequencing analysis yielded partial 16S rRNA gene sequences that were taxonomically classified into 10 phyla and 143 genera. The most prevalent phyla in S1 and S2 samples were found to be Firmicutes and Bacteroides, however, when comparing between sample groups, Proteobacteria seem to have been enriched in secondary infections. The dominant genera in the primary S1 samples were Bacillus, Streptococcus and Prevotella while Bacillus, Streptococcus and Selenomonas dominated the secondary infection S1 samples. Bacillus and Marinilactibacillus were the most dominant genera in primary and secondary S2. The mean number of OTUs per sample was 32,656 (±12,124 SD) and 37,113 (± 16,994 SD) in S1 and S2 samples, respectively. Alpha and Beta diversities presented the same pattern within samples from both groups. Great inter-individual variations in the bacterial composition of the root canal biofilms were observed. There was no difference in the bacterial composition before and after treatment, although some genera survived and seems to be part of a residual microbiome. Our findings revealed a high diversity of the bacterial communities present in root canal infections after chemomechanical treatment, although the majority of the taxa detected were in low abundance

Fonoaudiologia X ronco/apneia do sono Speech therapy and snore and sleep apnea

TEMA: sendo o sono necessário para termos energia, o ronco e a apneia do sono tornam-se obstáculos que acarretam problemas de saúde, como também problemas sociais, conjugais, escolares, entre outros. OBJETIVO: contribuir para um maior conhecimento do profissional fonoaudiólogo sobre as causas, consequências, diagnóstico e formas de tratamento da apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS), a fim de favorecer a definição da conduta por este profissional, seja ela, encaminhar para um diagnóstico, tratar (por meio de fonoterapia) essa patologia ou indicar o tratamento médico, seja ele, cirúrgico ou conservador. CONCLUSÃO: as possíveis alterações fonoaudiológicas encontradas nestes pacientes são: língua alargada apresentando hipotonia, palato mole com volume aumentado, dificuldade na alimentação devido ao aporte insuficiente de ar e ao bruxismo, possivelmente causado pela tensão e ansiedade decorrentes das noites mal dormidas. Outras alterações podem ser encontradas decorrentes do tratamento cirúrgico empregado em alguns casos, como a disfagia ou até mesmo alterações na fala e na ressonância da fala decorrente de uma uvulopalatoplastia. O enfoque do tratamento fonoaudiológico é a mioterapia dos músculos envolvidos, priorizando a musculatura palatal. Percebe-se que o fonoaudiólogo pode contribuir para amenizar os sintomas encontrados nestas patologias, proporcionando uma qualidade de vida melhor aos seus portadores.<br>BACKGROUND: sleeping is necessary to provide us with energy. However, snoring and sleep apnea become obstacles that cause not only health problems, but also social, marital and educational issues. PURPOSE: contribute with a better understanding of the causes to the speech therapist, as well as the diagnosis and forms of treatment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Facilitate the definition of conduct by the therapist, be it a guide for a diagnosis, a treatment for that disease (through speech therapy) or the indication of medical treatment (surgical or conservative). CONCLUSION: some possible speech pathologies found in these patients are: enlarged tongue presenting hypotonia, soft palate with increased volume, difficulty in feeding due to insufficient intake of air and bruxism, possibly caused by tension and anxiety of bad night's sleep. Other changes can be found due to surgical treatment used in some cases, such as dysphagia or even alterations in speech and resonance of speech caused by an uvulopalatoplasty. The focus of speech therapy is the myotherapy of the involved muscles, prioritizing the palatal muscles. It is perceived that the speech therapists can help to ease the symptoms found in these diseases, providing a better life quality for their patients