The electrochemistry of gold in acid aqueous solutions containing chloride ions

Results obtained with differently prepared gold electrodes in acid solutions containing chloride ion at temperatures ranging from 22 to 65°C are reported. Potentiostatic techniques and rotating disc electrodes were employed. The anodic dissolution, the onset of passivity and the cathodic deposition of the metal are investigated under different experimental conditions. The anodic dissolution of Au is discussed in terms of possible reaction mechanisms involving the participation of different adsorbed species. The onset of passivation is related to the depletion of chloride ion at the reaction interface. The experimental voltammograms can be reporduced by means of an equation which considers the diffusion of chloride ion, the activation polarization related to the dissolution of Au and the establishment of passivity.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y AplicadasFacultad de Ciencias Exacta

Plexo coroideo y envejecimiento: estudio morfológico e histoquímico

Introducción: Los plexos coroideos (PC) son estructuras localizadas en los ventrículos laterales, tercer y cuarto ventrículo. Se encargan de la producción y la filtración del LCR, segregan gran variedad de sustancias como transferrina, citoquinas o transtirretina (TTR) entre otras. Forman parte de la barrera sangre-LCR. En este estudio queremos observar los cambios que ocurren en los PC en la senescencia. Material y métodos: Se ha observado al microscopio óptico muestras de PC de 8 casos de edades comprendidas entre los 63 y los 97 años. Estas muestras fueron teñidas con violeta y tratadas con técnicas inmunohistoquímicas para TTR y AQP1. Resultados: Hemos observado la presencia de alteraciones en la anatomía de los PC, destacando alteraciones a nivel del epitelio, encontramos un progresivo aumento de la separación entre las células, pérdida de la altura pasando de una capa monoestratificada de células cuboideas a células planas. Finalmente, se aprecian cambios en la disposición nuclear de las células. En el estroma llama la atención la presencia de fibrosis, calcificaciones y cuerpos de Psamoma. La vasculatura comienza presentado pequeñas modificaciones en sus túnicas para acabar apareciendo vasos de gran calibre y con una reducción importante del grosor de sus paredes. Las técnicas inmunohistoquímicas revelaron la disminución de la TTR, y también de AQP1. Hay que destacar la disminución de AQP1 en nuestros casos con ventriculomegalia. Conclusiones: Se objetiva una progresiva alteración en la anatomía del PC, disminuyen los niveles de TTR y se produce un aumento de AQP1, salvo en presencia de ventriculomegalia donde disminuyeIntroduction: Choroid plexus (CP) are structures located in the lateral ventricles, third and fourth ventricles. Their main function is to produce and filtrate CSF, segregate a great variety of substances like transferrin, cytokines or transthyretin (TTR) among others. They are part of the blood-CSF barrier. In this research, we want to regard the changes that happen in the CP through the senescence. Materials and methods: It has been observed with the optical microscope the CP of 8 cases whose ages are between 63 and 97 years old. These samples were dyed in purple and treated with immunohistochemical techniques for TTR y AQP1. Results: We have observed that the presence of alterations in the CP anatomy, highlighting alterations at epithelium’s level, where we can find a progressively increased separation of cells, loss of height from presenting a monostratified layer of cuboid cells to flat cells. Finally, we can appreciate changes in the nuclear distribution of cells. In the stroma, attention is drawn to fibrosis, calcifications, and bodies of Psammoma. Vasculature starts showing small modifications in its tunics to ending appearing large vessels and with a significant reduction in the thickness of their walls. The immunohistochemical techniques revealed the decrease of the TTR, and also of AQP1. We must highlight the decrease in APQ1 in our cases with ventriculomegal

c-Met-HGFシグナル伝達系を標的としたチオエーテル大環状ペプチドの開発と応用

学位の種別:課程博士University of Tokyo(東京大学

Psychopharmacological and analgesic action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants fluoxetine in female mouse

El objetivo de este estudio es dar a conocer el rango de potencia relacionado con la dosificación del ISRS (inhibición selectiva de la recaptación de serotonina) fluoxetina y su mecanismo de acción como agente capaz de inducir efecto analgésico y ansiolítico en ratón hembra cepa CD-1 (25-39 kg). Los datos obtenidos mostraron que las dosis antidepresivas 16, 32, 64 mg/kg (i.p.) presentan efecto analgésico y una respuesta ansiolítica, sin resultado significativo en el modelo de memoria espacial, pero con una disminución en la actividad realizada en la memoria de trabajo para la dosis de 64 mg/kg (i.p.). Esto evidencia que fluoxetina puede orientar mayor eficacia a dosis con efecto antidepresivo e indica un efecto analgésico y ansiolítico sin producir cambio en la actividad motora del ratón. La dosis máxima investigada provocó variación en su actividad motora lo cual permite concluir que ISRS “fluoxetina” tiene un posible efecto sedativo

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: A comparative risk assessment

Background: High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods: We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of population-based health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the effects of risk factors on cause-specific mortality from meta-analyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the effects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specific population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specific deaths. We obtained cause-specific mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the final estimates. Findings: In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10·8 million deaths, 95% CI 10·1-11·5) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined effect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7·1 million deaths, 6·6-7·6) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined effects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation: The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing effect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the global response to non-communicable diseases. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, US National Institutes of Health. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd

Estilos, compromiso y generación de valor en empresas de servicios

For Colombian education, communication has always been a topic of general interest, taking into account that this new era of virtual connection may in some way affect the way in which knowledge and cultural traditions are transferred. Next, some hypotheses related to the topic and key aspects that can serve to promote culture from the classroom and other environments associated with the different levels of academic training will be referenced.Para la educación colombiana, la comunicación ha sido siempre un tema de interés general, teniendo en cuenta que esta nueva era de conexión virtual puede de alguna forma afectar la forma de transferir los conocimientos y tradiciones culturales. A continuación, se referenciarán algunas hipótesis relacionadas con el tema y aspectos claves que pueden servir para promover  la cultura desde el aula de clases y demás ambientes asociados a los distintos niveles de formación académica

Genomic Landscape of Vinflunine Response in Metastatic Urothelial Cancer

Background and Aims: Metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) remains an incurable disease with limited treatment options after platinum-based chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Vinflunine has shown a modest increase in overall survival and remains a therapeutic option for chemo- and immunotherapy refractory tumours. However, biomarkers that could identify responding patients to vinflunine and possible alternative therapies after failure to treatment are still missing. In this study, we aimed to identify potential genomic biomarkers of vinflunine response in mUC patient samples and potential management alternatives. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of mUC patients (n = 23) from three university hospitals in Spain were used for genomic targeted-sequencing and transcriptome (using the Immune Profile panel by NanoString) analyses. Patients who received vinflunine after platinum-based chemotherapy failure were classified in non-responders (NR: progressive disease ≤ 3 months; n= 11) or responders (R: response ≥ 6 months; n = 12). Results: Genomic characterization revealed that the most common alteration, TP53 mutations, had comparable frequency in R (6/12; 50%) and NR (4/11; 36%). Non-synonymous mutations in KTM2C (4/12; 33.3%), PIK3CA (3/12; 25%) and ARID2 (3/12; 25%) were predominantly associated with response. No significant difference was observed in tumour mutational burden (TMB) between R and NR patients. The NR tumours showed increased expression of diverse immune-related genes and pathways, including various interferon gamma-related genes. We also identified increased MAGEA4 expression as a potential biomarker of non-responding tumours to vinflunine treatment. Conclusions: Our data may help to identify potential genomic biomarkers of response to vinflunine. Moreover, tumours refractory to vinflunine showed immune signatures potentially associated with response to ICB. Extensive validation studies, including longitudinal series, are needed to corroborate these findings

La formación del emprendimiento un elemento en el contexto internacional

Next, we will detail relevant concepts related to entrepreneurship in the university context. Colombia is one of the Latin American countries with the highest indicators of entrepreneurship in various fields. However, these indicators also make it possible to identify that the entrepreneurs are largely not university graduates, but mostly empirical entrepreneurs who have forged a productive business or entity by force of will. This reality leads us to the need to analyze how to promote the discipline of entrepreneurship in the university student.For the economic and social sectors of the country, it would be a great contribution if the entrepreneurs have a solid and consistent training that allows them to generate companies of long-term value, which not only forge employment, but also goods and services of international competition. . Therefore, we will study various concepts and perceptions in order to assess the current situation of entrepreneurship in the university community and how to promote it, to generate value in the context of higher education.A continuación, detallaremos conceptos de relevancia, relacionados con el emprendimiento en el contexto universitario. Colombia, es uno de los países latinoamericanos con más altos indicadores de emprendimiento en diversos campos. Sin embargo, estos indicadores también permiten identificar que los emprendedores en gran parte no son egresados universitarios, sino mayormente empresarios empíricos que a fuerza de voluntad han forjado un negocio o ente productivo. Esta realidad nos lleva a la necesidad de analizar como promover en el estudiante universitario la disciplina del emprendimiento. Para los sectores económicos y sociales del país, sería de gran aporte que los empresarios cuenten con una formación sólida y consistente que les permita la generación de empresas de valor a largo tiempo, que no solo forjen empleo, sino también bienes y servicios de competencia internacional. Por lo anterior estudiaremos varios conceptos y percepciones con el fin de evaluar la situación actual del emprendimiento en la comunidad universitaria y como promover el mismo, para generar valor en el contexto de la educación superior

El desarrollo tecnológico e innovación: elementos esenciales del emprendimiento

Currently, the tools of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) play a more than relevant role in promoting service companies towards high quality and competitive scenarios. By developing ICT in companies today, a synergy is generated that directly impacts the results and therefore positions the image and services of any organization. Next, the most significant aspects of the ICT context in service companies will be reviewed, with a view to an analysis that results in the presentation of contributions for this type of company. Simultaneously, the concepts inherent in technology, information and communication will be examined as essential aspects of the new competitiveness dynamic in times of globalization.En la actualidad las herramientas de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC), juegan un papel más que relevante en el impulso de las empresas de servicios, hacia escenarios de alta calidad y competitividad. Al desarrollar las TIC en las empresas de hoy, se genera una sinergia que impacta de manera directa en los resultados y por ende posiciona la imagen y servicios de toda organización. A continuación, se revisarán los aspectos más significativos del contexto de las TIC en las empresas de servicios, con miras a un análisis que derive en la exposición de aportes para este tipo de em- presas. Simultáneamente, se examinarán los conceptos inherentes a tecnología, información y comunicación, como aspectos esenciales de la nueva dinámica de competitividad en tiempos de globalización