Distribución de Xantusia extorris en el estado de Coahuila, México, con aspectos de historia natural

-Between 2009 and 2011, 21 individuals of X. extorris were collected in the area of the Sierra of Jimulco, at Torreón, Coahuila. This finding represents the first record for the state of Coahuila. The potential ecological niche of X. extorris at this mountain was calculated using the software MaxEnt. We also revised the stomach content of 11 individuals. The dietary habits suggest that X. extorris forages near to its preferred microhabitats eating secretive species like spiders, pseudoscorpions and beetles

HISTORIA DE VIDA DE UMA PARAPHYGAS (SAURIA : PHRYNOSOMATIDAE) EN LA RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA DE MAPIMÍ, DURANGO

Uma paraphygas is an endemic lizard which is in danger of extinction because of its very restricted distribution, low genetic variability, and the high environmental pressure to which it is exposed. Two populations of U. paraphygas were observed in two areas of 2 ha each in the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Durango. The field work was carried out from autumn of 1997 to the summer of 1999. The survey was made by the capture-recapture method, using the noose technique. The animals captured were marked permanently. This survey provides information about the structure and dynamics of two populations of this lizard in order to determine its current status. Density, biomass, age structure, growth rates, survival, population replacement rate and generational time of this lizard were determined. Density and biomass changed in relation to acumulated rainfall. There were no significant differences for density and biomass factors between the two populations. The higest percentage of the population was represented by adult females followed by adult males. The highest daily growth rate was for offspring of both sexes which gradually decreased as they grow older. Offspring annual survival was 0.20. However, the lowest survival rate was for subadult females, while the highest one was for subadult males. We suggest that the survival for different age classes is related to intraspecific competition factors. The population replacement rate indicated an apparent stability for the two populations, and the generational time was 1.26 years.Uma paraphygas es una lagartija endémica y en peligro de extinción debido a su distribución muy restringida, escasa variabilidad genética y a la elevada presión ecológica y ambiental a la que esta sujeta. Se evaluaron estacionalmente dos poblaciones de U. paraphygas en dos áreas de 2 ha cada una en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Mapimí, Durango. El trabajo de campo se desarrolló desde el otoño de 1997 hasta el verano de 1999. El estudio se hizo empleando una captura y varias recapturas por medio de la técnica de la lazada. Los organismos capturados se marcaron permanentemente y se obtuvieron los datos pertinentes. Este estudio da a conocer la estructura y dinámica de dos poblaciones de este lacertilio para determinar su estatus actual. Se estimó la densidad, biomasa, estructura de edades, tasas de crecimiento, sobrevivencia, tasa de reemplazamiento poblacional y el tiempo generacional de esta especie. La densidad y biomasa promedio anual se modificaron en relación con la precipitación acumulada. No hubo diferencias significativas para los factores de densidad y biomasa entre las dos poblaciones estudiadas. El mayor porcentaje de la población lo conformaron las hembras adultas seguidas de los machos adultos. La mayor tasa de crecimiento diario la presentaron las crías de ambos sexos, la cual a su vez disminuye gradualmente conforme tienen más edad. La sobrevivencia anual para la especie fue de 0.20. Sin embargo, la menor sobrevivencia fue para las hembras subadultas, y la mayor fue para los machos subadultos. Se presume que la sobrevivencia de las diferentes clases de edad de esta especie está relacionada con factores de competencia intra-específica. La tasa de reemplazamiento poblacional indicó una estabilidad aparente para las dos poblaciones y el tiempo generacional fue de 1.26 años

Biological and proteolytic variation in the venom of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus from Mexico

Rattlesnake venoms may be classified according to the presence/absence and relative abundance of the neurotoxic phospholipases A2s (PLA2s), such as Mojave toxin, and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). In Mexico, studies to determine venom variation in Mojave Rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) are limited and little is known about the biological and proteolytic activities in this species. Tissue (34) and venom (29) samples were obtained from C. s. scutulatus from different locations within their distribution in Mexico. Mojave toxin detection was carried out at the genomic (by PCR) and protein (by ELISA) levels for all tissue and venom samples. Biological activity was tested on representative venoms by measuring LD50 and hemorrhagic activity. To determine the approximate amount of SVMPs, 15 venoms were separated by RP-HPLC and variation in protein profile and proteolytic activity was evaluated by SDS-PAGE (n = 28) and Hide Powder Azure proteolytic analysis (n = 27). Three types of venom were identified in Mexico which is comparable to the intraspecific venom diversity observed in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, USA: Venom Type A ( Type II), with Mojave toxin, highly toxic, lacking hemorrhagic activity, and with scarce proteolytic activity; Type B ( Type I), without Mojave toxin, less toxic than Type A, highly hemorrhagic and proteolytic; and Type A + B, containing Mojave toxin, as toxic as venom Type A, variable in hemorrhagic activity and with intermediate proteolytic activity. We also detected a positive correlation between SVMP abundance and hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities. Although more sampling is necessary, our results suggest that venoms containing Mojave toxin and venom lacking this toxin are distributed in the northwest and southeast portions of the distribution in Mexico, respectively, while an intergradation in the middle of both zones is presentConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia/[221343]/CONACYT/MéxicoUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Microbiologí

Evidence for divergent patterns of local selection driving venom variation in Mojave Rattlesnakes (\u3ci\u3eCrotalus scutulatus\u3c/i\u3e)

Snake venoms represent an enriched system for investigating the evolutionary processes that lead to complex and dynamic trophic adaptations. It has long been hypothesized that natural selection may drive geographic variation in venom composition, yet previous studies have lacked the population genetic context to examine these patterns. We leverage range-wide sampling of Mojave Rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus) and use a combination of venom, morphological, phylogenetic, population genetic, and environmental data to characterize the striking dichotomy of neurotoxic (Type A) and hemorrhagic (Type B) venoms throughout the range of this species. We find that three of the four previously identified major lineages within C. scutulatus possess a combination of Type A, Type B, and a ‘mixed’ Type A + B venom phenotypes, and that fixation of the two main venom phenotypes occurs on a more fine geographic scale than previously appreciated. We also find that Type A + B individuals occur in regions of inferred introgression, and that this mixed phenotype is comparatively rare. Our results support strong directional local selection leading to fixation of alternative venom phenotypes on a fine geographic scale, and are inconsistent with balancing selection to maintain both phenotypes within a single population. Our comparisons to biotic and abiotic factors further indicate that venom phenotype correlates with fang morphology and climatic variables. We hypothesize that links to fang morphology may be indicative of co-evolution of venom and other trophic adaptations, and that climatic variables may be linked to prey distributions and/or physiology, which in turn impose selection pressures on snake venoms

Biological And Proteolytic Variation In The Venom Of Crotalus Scutulatus Scutulatus From Mexico

Rattlesnake venoms may be classified according to the presence/absence and relative abundance of the neurotoxic phospholipases A2s (PLA2s), such as Mojave toxin, and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). In Mexico, studies to determine venom variation in Mojave Rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) are limited and little is known about the biological and proteolytic activities in this species. Tissue (34) and venom (29) samples were obtained from C. s. scutulatus from different locations within their distribution in Mexico. Mojave toxin detection was carried out at the genomic (by PCR) and protein (by ELISA) levels for all tissue and venom samples. Biological activity was tested on representative venoms by measuring LD50 and hemorrhagic activity. To determine the approximate amount of SVMPs, 15 venoms were separated by RP-HPLC and variation in protein profile and proteolytic activity was evaluated by SDS-PAGE (n = 28) and Hide Powder Azure proteolytic analysis (n = 27). Three types of venom were identified in Mexico which is comparable to the intraspecific venom diversity observed in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, USA: Venom Type A (∼Type II), with Mojave toxin, highly toxic, lacking hemorrhagic activity, and with scarce proteolytic activity; Type B (∼Type I), without Mojave toxin, less toxic than Type A, highly hemorrhagic and proteolytic; and Type A + B, containing Mojave toxin, as toxic as venom Type A, variable in hemorrhagic activity and with intermediate proteolytic activity. We also detected a positive correlation between SVMP abundance and hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities. Although more sampling is necessary, our results suggest that venoms containing Mojave toxin and venom lacking this toxin are distributed in the northwest and southeast portions of the distribution in Mexico, respectively, while an intergradation in the middle of both zones is present

Female Preference for Sympatric vs. Allopatric Male Throat Color Morphs in the Mesquite Lizard (Sceloporus grammicus) Species Complex

Color polymorphic sexual signals are often associated with alternative reproductive behaviors within populations, and the number, frequency, or type of morphs present often vary among populations. When these differences lead to assortative mating by population, the study of such polymorphic taxa may shed light on speciation mechanisms. We studied two populations of a lizard with polymorphic throat color, an important sexual signal. Males in one population exhibit orange, yellow, or blue throats; whereas males in the other exhibit orange, yellow, or white throats. We assessed female behavior when choosing between allopatric and sympatric males. We asked whether females discriminated more when the allopatric male was of an unfamiliar morph than when the allopatric male was similar in coloration to the sympatric male. We found that female rejection of allopatric males relative to sympatric males was more pronounced when males in a pair were more different in throat color. Our findings may help illuminate how behavioral responses to color morph differences between populations with polymorphic sexual signals contribute to reproductive isolation

Components of variance in female discrimination differential explained by male identity (ID), estimated as random effects from a general linear model with REML.

<p>Components of variance in female discrimination differential explained by male identity (ID), estimated as random effects from a general linear model with REML.</p

Logistic regression of copulation probability (0 = no, 1 = yes, left y-axis) vs. female behavior PC2 score (x-axis).

<p>The dark grey line shows the fitted logistic regression equation, while the histograms show how many male-female interactions fell into each bin of PC2 scores (right y-axis).</p

Female behaviors scored^a during mate choice trials.

a<p>We recorded the number of times a female performed each behavior toward each male with whom she interacted.</p