ONSAGER RELATIONS AND EXTENDED IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS

We show that when the thermodynamic fluxes are included as independent thermodynamic state variables of a generalized entropy. the original ONSAGER formulation may be directly used in the space of the fiuxes. Therefore, the ONSAGER relations may be derived either in the space of the classical (slow) variables, by using a spatial FOURIER transformation, or in the space of the non-classical (fast) variables such as the physical fiuxes, without need of any Fourier transform. Furthermore. we analyse the question of non-linear ONSAGER relations by studying one particular set of evolution equations of the fiuxes, and considering the fluctuations of the fluxes around a non-equilibrium steady state. Comparison with kinetic theory is not completely conclusive, because of several open questions which we comment in the concluding remarks

Ischemia/reperfusion increases the oxidized state of specific cys residues in proteins from mitochondrial supopulation from rat miocardium that are protected by ischemia preconditioning

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Surgical treatment of type-II choledochal cyst: a case report

Choledochal cyst is a pathology conditioned by a complex congenital malformation that involves different degrees of dilation of both the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct with a malignant tendency, these are reported more frequently in children, representing 1% of benign diseases of the biliary. Babbitt 's theory is the most frequently proposed theory and states that CCs (choledochal cysts) result from an anomalous pancreatobiliary junction (APBJ) where the pancreatic duct and bile duct connect 1-2 cm proximal to the sphincter of Oddi. In adults, the presentation is usually nonspecific and vague, with abdominal pain being the most common symptom. Surgical resection of cysts can significantly decrease the risk of malignancy and reduce associated complications. However, less attention has been paid to CC in adults, and its surgical parameters have been reported to be frequently controversial. This manuscript describes the clinical case of a Todani II choledochal cyst managed with surgical resection by laparotomy with Roux-en-Y biliodigestive reconstruction, obtaining satisfactory results

Effective temperatures in a simple model of non-equilibrium, non-Markovian dynamics

The concept of effective temperatures in nonequilibrium systems is studied within an exactly solvable model of non-Markovian diffusion. The system is coupled to two heat baths which are kept at different temperatures: one ('fast') bath associated with an uncorrelated Gaussian noise and a second ('slow') bath with an exponential memory kernel. Various definitions of effective temperatures proposed in the literature are evaluated and compared. The range of validity of these definitions is discussed. It is shown in particular, that the effective temperature defined from the fluctuation-dissipation relation mirrors the temperature of the slow bath in parameter regions corresponding to a separation of time scales. On the contrary, quasi-static and thermodynamic definitions of an effective temperature are found to display the temperature of the fast bath in most parameter regions

Possible experiment to check the reality of a nonequilibrium temperature

An experiment is proposed to check the physical reality of a nonequilibrium absolute temperature previously proposed from theoretical grounds in the framework of extended irreversible thermodynamics

Free Thermal Convection Driven by Nonlocal Effects

We report and explain a convective phenomenon observed in molecular dynamics simulations that cannot be classified either as a hydrodynamics instability nor as a macroscopically forced convection. Two complementary arguments show that the velocity field by a thermalizing wall is proportional to the ratio between the heat flux and the pressure. This prediction is quantitatively corroborated by our simulations.Comment: RevTex, figures is eps, submited for publicatio

Measuring Nonequilibrium Temperature of Forced Oscillators

The meaning of temperature in nonequilibrium thermodynamics is considered by using a forced harmonic oscillator in a heat bath, where we have two effective temperatures for the position and the momentum, respectively. We invent a concrete model of a thermometer to testify the validity of these different temperatures from the operational point of view. It is found that the measured temperature depends on a specific form of interaction between the system and a thermometer, which means the zeroth law of thermodynamics cannot be immediately extended to nonequilibrium cases.Comment: 8 page

List of Species as recorded by Canadian and EU Bottom Trawl Surveys in Flemish Cap

13 páginas, 1 tabla.-- Scientific Council MeetingA list of species has been prepared with all records in each haul of both Canadian (1977-1985) and EU (1988-2002 and 2003-2012) bottom trawl surveys. Even though sampling intensity and taxonomic interest changed with time, the three periods can be considered almost homogeneous. Main change occurred when the EU survey increased the depth range, from 730 to 1460 meters depth, and all invertebrates were recorded.Peer reviewe