Nutritional evaluation of rice coproducts fed to pigs

Seven experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value of rice coproducts fed to pigs. In Exp. 1, the objective was to determine the carbohydrate composition and the in vitro total tract digestibility of DM in 5 rice coproducts and to test the hypothesis that in vitro digestibility of DM is negatively correlated with the concentration of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Results indicated that broken rice and brown rice contain more starch than full fat rice bran (FFRB) and defatted rice bran (DFRB), whereas rice mill feed had the least concentration of starch. The concentration of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was between 0.1% in brown rice and 1.9% in rice mill feed. The concentration of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) was 1.5% in broken rice and 52.9% in rice mill feed. Arabinose and xylose were the main monosaccharides in the fiber fraction of all rice coproducts, but the concentration of these monosaccharides varied among ingredients. The in vitro DM digestibility decreased (P < 0.05) as the concentration of total NSP increased in the ingredients. In Exp. 2, digestibility values of CP and AA in rice coproducts were determined. Results indicated that the SID of CP and Lys in broken rice was greater (P < 0.05) than in other rice coproducts, but the concentration of digestible Lys in DFRB was greater (P < 0.05) than in broken rice and FFRB. In Exp. 3, the hypothesis that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and GE by starter pigs and the concentration of DE and ME in FFRB, DFRB, brown rice, and broken rice is improved if microbial xylanase is added to the diet was tested. Results indicated that concentrations of DE and ME (DM basis) in FFRB and DFRB increased (P < 0.05) if xylanase was used. Broken rice had a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of DE and ME than FFRB and DFRB if no xylanase was added to the diets, but if xylanase was used, no differences in ME among FFRB, brown rice, and broken rice were observed. The ATTD of DM was greater (P < 0.05) in ingredients with xylanase than in ingredients without xylanase. The ATTD of NDF in FFRB was greater (P < 0.05) if xylanase was added to the diet than if no xylanase was used. Experiment 4 was designed to test the hypothesis that the ATTD of GE and nutrients in FFRB and DFRB determined in gestating sows is greater if feed is provided at 1.5 × the ME required for maintenance than at 3.5 × the ME requirement. The second objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that the ATTD of GE and nutrients and the concentrations of DE and ME in FFRB and DFRB is not different between growing gilts and gestating sows if both groups of animals are fed 3.5 × the maintenance requirement for ME. Results indicate that there were no effects of level of feed intake of sows on ATTD of GE, DM, OM, or NDF, or on concentrations of DE and ME in FFRB or DFRB. The ATTD of GE, OM, and NDF of FFRB or DRFB was greater (P < 0.05) in gestating sows than in growing gilts. Concentrations of DE and ME in diets were also greater (P < 0.05) if determined in gestating sows than in growing gilts. Concentrations of DE and ME were greater (P < 0.05) in FFRB than in DFRB regardless of feed intake level or the physiological stage of the animals. In Exp. 5, ATTD and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P of 5 rice coproducts were determined. Among the rice coproducts, the greatest (P < 0.05) ATTD and STTD of P was observed for broken rice regardless of inclusion of phytase. If no microbial phytase was used, values for STTD of P in brown rice, FFRB, DFRB, and rice mill feed were not different, but if microbial phytase was included in the diet, ATTD and STTD of P in brown rice was greater (P < 0.05) than in FFRB, DFRB, and rice mill feed. The STTD of P in brown rice, FFRB, and rice mill feed was greater (P < 0.05) if microbial phytase was used than if no microbial phytase was used. Experiments 6 and 7 were designed to test the hypothesis that increasing inclusion levels of FFRB or DFRB does not affect growth performance of weanling pigs or growing-finishing pigs, respectively, if diets are formulated based on values for SID of AA, STTD of P, and ME in all ingredients. In both experiments, a control diet without rice bran and diets containing 10, 20 or 30% FFRB or DFRB were formulated. In nursery pigs, the ADG increased at 10% inclusion of FFRB and decreased at 20 or 30% (quadratic, P < 0.05). The G:F ratio was not affected by inclusion of DFRB, but increased from 0.643 in the control diet 0.682 at 20% inclusion of FFRB in the diet (quadratic, P < 0.05) and the G:F was greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing FFRB than in pigs fed diets containing DFRB. In growing-finishing pigs, for the overall experimental period, the ADFI decreased (linear, P < 0.05) and G:F increased linearly (P < 0.05) for pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of FFRB. The ADFI of pigs fed diets containing DFRB increased linearly (P < 0.05), but G:F decreased (linear, P < 0.05). There were no effects of dietary treatments on carcass or loin quality. The concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in adipose tissue of pigs fed diets containing FFRB decreased (linear, P < 0.05), whereas the concentration of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (linear, P < 0.05). In conclusion, rice coproducts are sources of energy and AA that may be used in diets for pigs; however, the ATTD of DM and GE may vary among different physiological stages of the animals. Addition of phytase reduced the output of P and improve the STTD of P in rice coproducts. Full fat rice bran and DFRB may be included in diets of weanling or growing-finishing pigs at 10 to 30% without affecting growth performance, and carcass and meat quality also is not affected with the exception that inclusion of FFRB diets for finishing pigs will increase concentrations of PUFA in belly fat of pigs

Nutritional value of high fiber co-products from the copra, palm kernel, and rice industries in diets fed to pigs.

High fiber co-products from the copra and palm kernel industries are by-products of the production of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. The co-products include copra meal, copra expellers, palm kernel meal, and palm kernel expellers. All 4 ingredients are very high in fiber and the energy value is relatively low when fed to pigs. The protein concentration is between 14 and 22 % and the protein has a low biological value and a very high Arg:Lys ratio. Digestibility of most amino acids is less than in soybean meal but close to that in corn. However, the digestibility of Lys is sometimes low due to Maillard reactions that are initiated due to overheating during drying. Copra and palm kernel ingredients contain 0.5 to 0.6 % P. Most of the P in palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers is bound to phytate, but in copra products less than one third of the P is bound to phytate. The digestibility of P is, therefore, greater in copra meal and copra expellers than in palm kernel ingredients. Inclusion of copra meal should be less than 15 % in diets fed to weanling pigs and less than 25 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs. Palm kernel meal may be included by 15 % in diets for weanling pigs and 25 % in diets for growing and finishing pigs. Rice bran contains the pericarp and aleurone layers of brown rice that is removed before polished rice is produced. Rice bran contains approximately 25 % neutral detergent fiber and 25 to 30 % starch. Rice bran has a greater concentration of P than most other plant ingredients, but 75 to 90 % of the P is bound in phytate. Inclusion of microbial phytase in the diets is, therefore, necessary if rice bran is used. Rice bran may contain 15 to 24 % fat, but it may also have been defatted in which case the fat concentration is less than 5 %. Concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) are slightly less in full fat rice bran than in corn, but defatted rice bran contains less than 75 % of the DE and ME in corn. The concentration of crude protein is 15 to 18 % in rice bran and the protein has a high biological value and most amino acids are well digested by pigs. Inclusion of rice bran in diets fed to pigs has yielded variable results and based on current research it is recommended that inclusion levels are less than 25 to 30 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs, and less than 20 % in diets for weanling pigs. However, there is a need for additional research to determine the inclusion rates that may be used for both full fat and defatted rice bran

Descripción de componentes químicos y coeficientes alométricos en cerdos castrados hasta los 273 días en el trópico alto colombiano

Las relaciones entre la ingestión de nutrientes y la composición química y física corporal son afectadas a nivel práctico por un rango de factores asociados con la nutrición, el genotipo, el ambiente y el estado de madurez, y constituyen la base para manipular la calidad de la carne y la eficiencia en un contexto específico de producción. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir los componentes químicos de un genotipo de cerdos, y las relaciones de tipo alométrico que se generan entre los diferentes componentes, teniendo como referencia la proteína en la canal y en el peso corporal vacío, en un contexto específico y comercial de producción. Se utilizaron 39 cerdos castrados del cruce Duroc-Landrace x Yorkshire, desde el nacimiento hasta los 273 días de edad, los cuales fueron sometidos a prácticas convencionales comerciales de manejo. Después de los 70 días los animales fueron trasladados a 2600 msnm (14 ºC). Cuatro cerdos fueron sacrificados a 1, 21, 63, 99, 126, 154, 175, 210, 239 y 273 días de. Se estimaron los contenidos de agua, proteína, lípidos y cenizas en canal, vísceras rojas y vísceras blancas, mediante análisis proximal. Los animales fueron alimentados con dietas comerciales cuya composición fue determinada. Se evaluaron seis ecuaciones para estimar la predicción de las relaciones alométricas entre los componentes químicos y la proteína. Se confirmó que la proteína, los lípidos y el agua se incrementaron de forma lineal y cuadrática mientras que la ceniza lo hizo de forma lineal, tanto en la canal como en el cuerpo vacío. La proporción de los componentes químicos en la canal y cuerpo vacío mostraron diferentes comportamientos a lo largo del ciclo de crecimiento. Se obtuvieron relaciones lípido:proteína de 2,14, agua:proteína de 3,22, y cenizas:proteína de 0,16. Las ecuaciones alométricas aumentadas y linealizadas fueron las que mejor describieron los datos, mostrando coeficientes alométricos de 0,86 para la relación agua:proteína, 1,45 para lípidos:proteína y 0,81 para ceniza:proteína.A range of factors associated with nutrition, genotype, environment and the stage of maturity have an effect on the relationship between nutrient intake, chemical and both chemical and physical body composition at a practical level. These factors constitute the bases to manipulate meat quality and its efficiency of production in a specific scenario. The objective of this research was to describe the composition of a pig genotype and the allometric relationships among the different components taking into account the carcass protein level in the empty body weight, in a specific context of commercial production. We used 39 barrows of the cross breed Duroc-Landrace x Yorkshire, from birth to 273 days of age, who were managed on conventional condition. After 70 days the animals were moved to 2600 msnm (14 ºC). Four barrows were sacrificed at days 1, 21, 63, 99, 126, 154, 175, 210, 239 and 273 of age. Water, protein, lipids and ash were estimated in the canal, red and white entrails using proximal analysis. Animals were feed with a commercial diet whose composition was determined. Six equations were used to estimate allometric relationships between chemical components and protein content. We found that protein, lipids and water content increased linearly and quadratic while ash content increased linearly in both canal and empty body. The proportions of chemical components in the canal and the empty body showed different behavior along the commercial growth cycle. The relationships lipid:protein, water:protein and ash: protein were 2.14, 3.22 and 0.16 respectively. Increased and linearized allometric equations showed the best prediction of the data. They showed allometric coefficients of 0.86 for the relationship water: protein, 1.45 for lipids: protein and 0.81 for ash:protein

Os textos descontínuos: uma possibilidade didática para favorecer a interpretação

This article is the result of research conducted are three public schools in Medellín: José Antonio Galán, La Esperanza y San Antonio de Prado. The main objective was exploring the possibilities for the use of discontinuous texts a didactical medium for encouraging interpretation in students from 4th and 5th grade. The method employed for the research was of a qualitative kind with a focus on learning situations designed from some discontinuous text with a greater social circulation that allowed the strengthening of comprehension and textual interpretation processes. The use of discontinuous texts presents a differentiating element given that these kind of texts, poorly used in class, are a reading alternative in conformity with the kind of texts of greater circulations nowadays and resulted in the strengthening of interpretative processes that lead students to assuming a critical, reflective and analytical attitude towards matters of their everyday life and its immediate social environment, thus resulting in a link of non-scholar knowledge in the school context. At the end of the analysis, certain findings are highlighted as the ones surrounding processes such as autonomous reading, re-reading, interpretative abilities with textual and paratextual elements, collaborative learning, detection of relevant information, correlation between text and context and creation of new texts from pre-established ideas or formats; findings that allows the research to conclude that the link between diverse typologies and text formats is necessary alongside the teaching of different strategies that allow the student the improving off its interpretation abilities and that school must undertake the inclusion of text with meaning for the student and with correspondence with the social use of reading.Este artículo es el resultado de la investigación realizada en las instituciones educativas públicas de Medellín: José Antonio Galán, La Esperanza y San Antonio de Prado. El objetivo fue explorar las posibilidades del uso de textos discontinuos como medio didáctico para fortalecer la interpretación en los estudiantes de grados 4.° y 5.°. La investigación fue de tipo cualitativo con un enfoque de investigación acción educativa, en la cual se implementaron seis situaciones de aprendizaje diseñadas a partir de algunos textos discontinuos de mayor circulación social que permitieron fortalecer procesos de comprensión e interpretación textual. El uso de los textos discontinuos representa un elemento diferenciador, ya que al ser poco abordados en las prácticas de aula, muestran una alternativa distinta de lectura más acorde con el tipo de textos que circulan en la actualidad, fortaleciendo de esta manera procesos interpretativos que llevaron al estudiante a asumir una postura de análisis, crítica y reflexión sobre asuntos que hacían parte de su cotidianidad y se referían a su entorno social, logrando vincular a la escuela los saberes extraescolares. Finalizado el proceso de análisis, se destacan hallazgos en torno a procesos de relectura, lectura autónoma, capacidad interpretativa sobre elementos textuales y paratextuales, aprendizaje colaborativo, identificación de información relevante, correlación entre texto y contexto y creación de nuevos textos a partir de ideas o formatos preestablecidos, hallazgos que permitieron concluir que se hace necesaria no solo la vinculación a los procesos de lectura diversas tipologías y formatos textuales, sino la enseñanza de estrategias que le permitan al estudiante mejorar su interpretación, y que la escuela se debe dar a la tarea de llevar al aula textos que tengan sentido para el estudiante y que correspondan al uso social de la lectura.Este artigo é resultado da pesquisa realizada nas instituições educativas públicas de Medellín (Colômbia): José Antonio Galán, La Esperanza e San Antonio de Prado. O objetivo foi explorar as possibilidades do uso de textos descontínuos como meio didático para fortalecer a interpretação nos estudantes dos 4º e 5º anos. Esta pesquisa foi de tipo qualitativo, com uma abordagem de pesquisa-ação educativa, na qual foram implantadas seis situações de aprendizagem desenhadas a partir de alguns textos descontínuos de maior circulação social que permitiram fortalecer processos de compreensão e interpretação textual. O uso dos textos descontínuos representa um elemento diferenciador, já que, ao serem pouco abordados nas práticas de sala de aula, mostram uma alternativa diferente de leitura mais coerente com os gêneros textuais que circulam na atualidade, fortalecendo, dessa maneira, processos interpretativos que levam o estudante a assumir um posicionamento de análise, crítica e reflexão sobre assuntos que fazem parte de seu cotidiano e se referem a seu contexto social, conseguindo vincular os saberes extraescolares à escola. Finalizado o processo de análise, são destacados os achados sobre os processos de releitura, leitura autônoma, capacidade interpretativa sobre elementos textuais e paratextuais, aprendizagem colaborativa, identificação de informação relevante, correlação entre texto e contexto e criação de novos textos a partir de ideias ou formatos preestabelecidos, achados que permitiram concluir que é necessário vincular, aos processos de leitura, não somente diversos tipos e gêneros textuais, mas também o ensino de estratégias que possibilitem ao estudante melhorar sua interpretação, e que a escola deve levar à sala de aula textos que tenham sentido para o estudante e que correspondam ao uso social da leitura

Síndrome de emaciación posdestete porcino: aspectos epidemiológicos

El propósito de este trabajo fue revisar los aspectos relacionados con el síndrome de ema­ciación posdestete (Postweaning Multysistemic Wasting Syndrome, PMWS) enfatizando en sus características epidemiológicas. El PMWSpertenece a un grupo de enfermedades asociadas al Circovirus porcino tipo 2 (PCVD), cuya presentación podría relacionarse con otro agente infeccioso aún no identificado o con la interacción de múltiples factores vincu­lados con el manejo zootécnico y con la presencia de otros agentes infecciosos. El patrón epidemiológico de la enfermedad no está claramente definido pero se ha observado que la infección con PCV2 dentro de la población porcina sigue un curso enzoótico, mientras que el desarrollo del PMWSgenera una presentación epizoótica. Se han reportado tan­to la transmisión vertical como la horizontal, pero el impacto sobre el desarrollo de los animales podría involucrar, además del PCV2, otras etiologías. Los signos clínicos y las lesiones macroscópicas son inespecíficos de la enfermedad y su diagnóstico se basa en la identificación histopatológica de las lesiones características en los órganos linfoides junto con la identificación del antígeno viral asociado a ellas. La generación de estrategias de pre­vención y control se ha dirigido hacia el establecimiento de prácticas zootécnicas estrictas que mejoren las condiciones medioambientales en las que se mantienen los animales para disminuir la presión de infección asociada no solo al PCV2.This review pretended to describe issues related with the Postweaning Multisystemic Was­ting Syndrome (PMWS) especially the epidemiological ones. PMWSbelongs to the Porcine circovirus type 2 associated diseases (PCAVD). Its presentation could be associated with another non identified infectious agent or the interaction between multiple management practices and other infectious diseases. The disease epidemiological pattern hasn’t been clearly understood; PCV2 infection appears to be enzootic while PMWSappears to be epizootic. Both vertical and horizontal transmissions have been reported for PCV2, but the PMWSdevelopment has been related not only with PCV2 infection but also with some other aetiologies. Clinical signs and macroscopic lesions aren’t specific for PMWS. Diagnosis is based on the identification of microscopic lesions in lymphoid organs and the identification of the viral antigen within them. Preventive and control strategies have been focused on specific management practices that improve the environment where animals are kept perse­cuting the reduction of infections rates not only associated with PCV2

patrimonio intelectual

Actas de congresoLas VI Jornadas se realizaron con la exposición de ponencias que se incluyeron en cuatro ejes temáticos, que se desarrollaron de modo sucesivo para facilitar la asistencia, el intercambio y el debate, distribuidos en tres jornadas. Los ejes temáticos abordados fueron: 1. La enseñanza como proyecto de investigación. Recursos de enseñanza-aprendizaje como mejoras de la calidad educativa. 2. La experimentación como proyecto de investigación. Del ensayo a la aplicabilidad territorial, urbana, arquitectónica y de diseño industrial. 3. Tiempo y espacio como proyecto de investigación. Sentido, destino y usos del patrimonio construido y simbólico. 4. Idea constructiva, formulación y ejecución como proyecto de investigación. Búsqueda y elaboración de resultados que conforman los proyectos de la arquitectura y el diseño

Nutritional value of high fiber co-products from the copra, palm kernel, and rice industries in diets fed to pigs.

High fiber co-products from the copra and palm kernel industries are by-products of the production of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. The co-products include copra meal, copra expellers, palm kernel meal, and palm kernel expellers. All 4 ingredients are very high in fiber and the energy value is relatively low when fed to pigs. The protein concentration is between 14 and 22 % and the protein has a low biological value and a very high Arg:Lys ratio. Digestibility of most amino acids is less than in soybean meal but close to that in corn. However, the digestibility of Lys is sometimes low due to Maillard reactions that are initiated due to overheating during drying. Copra and palm kernel ingredients contain 0.5 to 0.6 % P. Most of the P in palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers is bound to phytate, but in copra products less than one third of the P is bound to phytate. The digestibility of P is, therefore, greater in copra meal and copra expellers than in palm kernel ingredients. Inclusion of copra meal should be less than 15 % in diets fed to weanling pigs and less than 25 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs. Palm kernel meal may be included by 15 % in diets for weanling pigs and 25 % in diets for growing and finishing pigs. Rice bran contains the pericarp and aleurone layers of brown rice that is removed before polished rice is produced. Rice bran contains approximately 25 % neutral detergent fiber and 25 to 30 % starch. Rice bran has a greater concentration of P than most other plant ingredients, but 75 to 90 % of the P is bound in phytate. Inclusion of microbial phytase in the diets is, therefore, necessary if rice bran is used. Rice bran may contain 15 to 24 % fat, but it may also have been defatted in which case the fat concentration is less than 5 %. Concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) are slightly less in full fat rice bran than in corn, but defatted rice bran contains less than 75 % of the DE and ME in corn. The concentration of crude protein is 15 to 18 % in rice bran and the protein has a high biological value and most amino acids are well digested by pigs. Inclusion of rice bran in diets fed to pigs has yielded variable results and based on current research it is recommended that inclusion levels are less than 25 to 30 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs, and less than 20 % in diets for weanling pigs. However, there is a need for additional research to determine the inclusion rates that may be used for both full fat and defatted rice bran

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women