Relación de los trastornos mentales y el delito.

El trabajo que se presenta a consideración de la crítica académica representa un esfuerzo más por establecer las verdaderas relaciones entre los trastornos mentales y el delito, tema tabú, lleno de prejuicios, discriminación y comportamientos irracionales por parte de los que supuestamente estamos sanos mentalmente. Se logra presentar la conceptualización de los dos vectores involucrados, estudiando cada uno de ellos en el contexto de la sociedad y presentando las cifras actuales de la salud mental en el mundo para lograr el objetivo de encontrar los vínculos reales entre estos dos fenómenos y establecer un nuevo paradigma sobre el objeto de estudio seleccionado, haciendo uso de las herramientas metodológicas, realizando una exhaustiva selección de fuentes de primera calidad para después someterlas al análisis de los datos encontrados y entregar un constructo nuevo, basado en estudios previos certificados y científicamente elaborados. Finalmente se concluye que, hay una relación directa entre los trastornos mentales y el delito, pero que no son los enfermos mentales los que influyen en los índices de violencia y de delincuencia, sino quizá al contrario, los actos delictivos y violentos logran alterar la psiquis de las víctimas que por lo menos en un momento de su vida se ven afectados por algún trastorno psicológico.The work presented for consideration by academic critics represents one more effort to establish the true relationships between mental disorders and crime, a taboo subject, full of prejudice, discrimination and irrational behavior on the part of those of us who are supposedly mentally healthy. It is possible to present the conceptualization of the two vectors involved, studying each one of them in the context of society and presenting the current figures of mental health in the world to achieve the objective of finding the real links between these two phenomena and establishing a new paradigm on the selected object of study, making use of methodological tools, making an exhaustive selection of top quality sources and then submitting them to the analysis of the data found and delivering a new construct, based on previous certified and scientifically elaborated studies. Finally, it is concluded that there is a direct relationship between mental disorders and crime, in two ways. Finally, it is concluded that there is a direct relationship between mental disorders and crime, but that it is not the mentally ill who influence the rates of violence and crime, but perhaps on the contrary, criminal and violent acts manage to alter the psyche. Of victims who at least at one point in their lives are affected by some psychological disorder

Relación de los trastornos mentales y el delito

El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar literatura científica actualizada y establecer las verdaderas relaciones entre los trastornos mentales y el delito, siendo durante mucho tiempo un tema tabú, lleno de prejuicios, discriminación y comportamientos irracionales por parte de la sociedad. Presentando la conceptualización de los dos vectores involucrados, estudiando cada uno de ellos en el contexto de la sociedad y presentando las cifras actuales de la salud mental en el mundo para lograr el objetivo de encontrar los vínculos reales entre estos dos fenómenos, y poder establecer un nuevo paradigma sobre el objeto de estudio seleccionado, haciendo uso de las herramientas metodológicas, llevando a cabo una búsqueda en las bases científicas de datos, Google Scholar, APA PsycInfo, ProQuest , y realizando una exhaustiva selección de fuentes de primera calidad, basado en estudios previos certificados, para después someterlas al análisis de los datos encontrados y entregar un constructo nuevo.The objective of this work is to review updated scientific literature and establish the true relationships between mental disorders and crime, which has long been a taboo subject, full of prejudice, discrimination and irrational behavior on the part of society. Presenting the conceptualization of the two vectors involved, studying each one of them in the context of society and presenting the current figures of mental health in the world in order to achieve the objective of finding the real links between these two phenomena, and being able to establish a new paradigm on the selected object of study, making use of the methodological tools, carrying out a search in the scientific databases, Google Scholar, APA PsycInfo, ProQuest, and making an exhaustive selection of top quality sources, based on studies previous certificates, to later submit them to the analysis of the data found and deliver a new construct

The high abundance of wild ungulates in a mediterranean region: is this compatible with the European rabbit?

This is an Open Access article.The landscape in southern Iberia has, over the last four decades, altered as a result of the land abandonment, while the abundance of wild boar Sus scrofa and red deer Cervus elaphus has simultaneously increased, and some key prey species such as the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus have declined. In this work we explore: 1) the relationships between big game species (red deer and wild boar) and rabbit abundance, and 2) whether these relationships could have effects on food quality (total nitrogen available in the pasture and percentage of leguminosae) and food availability of (herbaceous cover). We therefore selected nine big game estates with a range of abundance as regards ungulates and similar Mediterranean habitat. Wild boar abundance was statistically negative in relation to rabbit abundance, while no significant statistical relationships between rabbit abundance and habitat structure and forage quality were evidenced. However, wild boar abundance, but not that of red deer, was negatively associated with leguminosae cover, and the percentage of surface rooted by wild boar was negatively associated with the percentage of herbaceous cover. Overall, our results suggest that the abundance of wild boar is negatively related to that of rabbits, and could have a negative effects on rabbit abundances by food competition as a result of: 1) a decrease in herbaceous coverage and leguminosae in the pasture and 2) an increase in the total percentage of soil disturbed as a result of rooting.We should like to thank to the Andalucía Autonomous Government’s Environmental Council for financing this work via a project to improve the habitat of the black vulture in Córdoba province.Peer Reviewe

Experimental and numerical study of the influence of the plenum box on the airflow pattern generated by a swirl air diffuser

When CFD is employed to design a ventilation system, one of the most delicate aspects is the modeling of the diffuser. The designer has different choices, which range from simulating the detailed geometry of the diffuser, including the plenum box, to use special boundary conditions to reproduce the velocity profile in each slot of the diffuser. This study is carried out to examine the influence of the plenum box on the turbulent airflow pattern generated by a swirl air diffuser from the experimental and numerical points of view. First, we perform experiments to evaluate such influence. Then, these experiments are contrasted with two numerical approximations to the problem using the Fluent 6.3.26 commercial CFD software. We first perform a simulation of the complete diffuser geometry – including the plenum box – and later a simplified simulation of the diffuser, where the whole geometry is simplified to a plane in which the velocity components and the slots positioning are specified via a particular boundary condition. The main findings of this study reveal that the simplified simulation is good enough at close range, while in the remote flow field the differences between both approaches practically disappear. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.Project DPI2014-55357-C2-1-R from the Spanish National Government 2013–2016 R&D&I plan issued by the Ministry of Economy and Competiveness. This project is cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Efecto de la densidad de ungulados silvestres sobre los invertebrados en un ecosistema Mediterráneo

[EN]: Effect of wild ungulate density on invertebrates in a Mediterranean ecosystem.— In recent decades, the abundance and distribution of certain big game species, particularly red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa), have increased in south central Spain as a result of hunting management strategies. The high density of these ungulate species may affect the abundance of epigeous invertebrates. We tested the relationships between big game abundance and biodiversity, taxon richness, the biomass of invertebrates and their frequency on nine hunting estates and in comparison to ungulate exclusion areas. Ungulate exclusion itself affected invertebrate richness, since lower values were found in the open plots, whereas the highest differences in invertebrate diversity between fenced and open plots was found in areas with high wild boar density. Where wild boar densities were high, the number of invertebrates decreased, while where they were low, red deer had a positive effect on invertebrate abundance. Fenced plots thus seemed to provide refuge for invertebrates, particularly where wild boar were abundant. This study supports the idea that the structure of fauna communities is damaged by high density populations of ungulates, probably due to decreased food availability owing to overgrazing, modified conditions of ecological microniches and direct predation. However, the effects depended on the group of invertebrates, since saprophytic species could benefit from high ungulate abundance. Our findings reflect the need to control ungulate population density under Mediterranean conditions in south-western Europe and to implement ungulate exclusion plots.[ES]: En las últimas décadas, la abundancia y distribución de determinadas especies de caza mayor, especialmente el ciervo rojo (Cervus elaphus) y el jabalí (Sus scrofa), han aumentado en la zona centromeridional de España como resultado de las estrategias de gestión cinegética. La alta densidad de estas especies de ungulados puede afectar a la abundancia de los invertebrados epigeos. Estudiamos la relación entre la abundancia de las especies de caza mayor y la biodiversidad, la riqueza de taxones, la biomasa de invertebrados y su frecuencia en nueve fincas de caza, y se comparó con las zonas de exclusión de ungulados. De por sí, la exclusión de ungulados afectó a la riqueza de invertebrados, ya que se encontraron valores más bajos en las parcelas abiertas, mientras que las mayores diferencias en la diversidad de invertebrados entre parcelas abiertas y cercadas se encontraron en zonas con una alta densidad de jabalíes. Donde la densidad de jabalíes era alta, el número de invertebrados disminuyó, mientras que donde era baja, el ciervo rojo tuvo un efecto positivo en la abundancia de invertebrados. Así, las parcelas cercadas parecían ofrecer refugio a los invertebrados, sobre todo donde los jabalíes eran abundantes. Este estudio apoya la idea de que las poblaciones con una alta densidad de ungulados perjudican a la estructura de las comunidades faunísticas, probablemente debido a la disminución de la disponibilidad de alimentos como consecuencia del sobrepastoreo, la modificación de las condiciones de los micronichos ecológicos y la depredación directa. Sin embargo, los efectos dependieron del grupo de invertebrados, ya que las especies saprofitas podrían beneficiarse de la alta abundancia de ungulados. Nuestros resultados reflejan la necesidad de controlar la densidad de las poblaciones de ungulados en condiciones mediterráneas en el suroeste de Europa y de establecer parcelas de exclusión de ungulados.We are grateful to the estate keepers for their hospitality and assistance in the field work, and to the Andalucía Autonomous Government’s Environmental Council for financing this work via a project to improve the habitat of the black vulture in Córdoba province, thanks to which we have been able to carry out this work.Peer Reviewe

RockGIS: a GIS-based model for the analysis of fragmentation in rockfalls

A rockfall is a mass instability event frequently observed in road cuts, open pit mines and quarries, steep slopes and cliffs. After its detachment, the rock mass may disaggregate and break due to the impact with the ground surface, thus producing new rock fragments. The consideration of the fragmentation of the rockfall mass is critical for the calculation of the trajectories of the blocks and the impact energies and for the assessment of the potential damage and the design of protective structures. In this paper, we present RockGIS, a GIS-based tool that simulates stochastically the fragmentation of the rockfall, based on a lumped mass approach. In RockGIS, the fragmentation is triggered by the disaggregation of the detached rock mass through the pre-existing discontinuities just before the impact with the ground. An energy threshold is defined in order to determine whether the impacting blocks break or not. The distribution of the initial mass between a set of newly generated rock fragments is carried out stochastically following a power law. The trajectories of the new rock fragments are distributed within a cone. The fragmentation model has been calibrated and tested with a 10,000 m3 rockfall that took place in 2011 near Vilanova de Banat, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Modelización de desprendimientos rocosos considerando la fragmentación

Determinar el riesgo al que está expuesto un edificio o una infraestructura debido a los desprendimientos rocosos mediante la Evaluación Cuantitativa de Riesgo requiere estudiar la peligrosidad, que integra la magnitud del fenómeno y la probabilidad de ocurrencia. Hoy en día la mayoría de metodologías disponibles para realizar estudios de peligrosidad no consideran la fragmentación de los bloques durante su propagación por la ladera. Este proceso tiene implicaciones directas en el estudio de la peligrosidad ya que se pueden incrementar el número de fragmentos y las energías cinéticas de los bloques disminuyen al reducirse su tamaño. En esta contribución se presenta el diseño e implementación de un módulo de fragmentación en un programa de simulación de desprendimientos rocosos llamado RockGIS y su aplicación a un caso de estudio.Postprint (published version

Rockfall fragmentation analysis: Vilanova de Banat case study

Fragmentation is a critical mechanism for the calculation of the trajectories of the blocks and the impact energies, for the assessment of the potential damage and for the design of protec-tive structures, although few rockfall models account for it. In this contribution we present an application of the trajectory simulation tool RockGIS, which explicitly accounts for fragmen-tation, to a recent rockfall event occurred near Vilanova de Banat (Spain). All parameters of the model controlling the kinematics of the propagation and fragmentation have been calibrat-ed in order to reproduce the number of fragments generated and trajectories followed by the blocks. Several performance criteria have been considered and simulations with and without accounting for fragmentation have been performed to assess their influence. The results con-sidering fragmentation show a reasonable matching with the observations in the field.Postprint (published version

Simulation of full-scale rockfall tests with a fragmentation model

In this paper, we present the upgraded version of RockGIS, a stochastic program for the numerical simulation of rockfalls and their fragmentation, based on a fractal model. The code has been improved to account for a range of fragmentation scenarios, depending on the impact conditions. In the simulation, the parameters of the fractal fragmentation model that define the sizes of the generated fragments were computed at each impact according to the kinematic conditions. The performance of the upgraded code was verified and validated by real-scale rockfall tests performed in a quarry. The tests consisted of the release of 21 limestone blocks. For each release, the size and spatial distribution of the fragments generated by the impacts were measured by hand and from orthophotos taken via drone flights. The trajectories of the blocks and the resulting fragments were simulated with the code and calibrated with both the volume distribution and the runout distances of the fragments. Finally, as all the relevant rockfall parameters involved were affected by strong uncertainty and spatial variability, a parametric analysis was carried out and is discussed.This work has been carried out with the support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness thanks to a fellowship to the first author (BES-2014-069795) and in the framework of the research project RockModels (Ref. BIA2016-75668-P, AEI/FEDER, UE). The collaboration of Canteras Hermanos Foj (Barcelona metropolitan area, Spain) is gratefully acknowledged.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Factors affecting wild rabbit production in extensive breeding enclosures: how can we optimise efforts?

[EN] The declining rabbit population in the Iberian Peninsula has led hunters and authorities to rear rabbits in captivity systems for their subsequent release. One alternative method to intensive rabbitry systems is the use of extensive breeding enclosures, since they produce animals of greater quality for hunting and conservation purposes. However, some of the factors that affect rabbit production in breeding enclosures are still unknown. The present study used partial least squares regression (PLSR) to analyse the effects of plot size, scrub cover, slope, initial rabbit abundance, the resources needed to dig warrens, predation and proximity to other enclosures on rabbit abundance. The results of our study show a positive effect of the number of other fenced plots within a radius of 3 km, a positive relationship with the availability of optimal resources for building warrens and a positive influence of intermediate values of scrub cover. According to our results, to maximise rabbit production in the enclosures it would be advisable to concentrate the restocking effort by ensuring that the restocking plots are close to each other, thus avoiding isolated enclosures. Furthermore, the selection of plots with an appropriate scrub cover and high availability of elements that favour the construction of warrens, such as large stones, sloping land or tall shrubs, may optimise results.We would like to thank S. Crespo for her help during data collection; S. Newton for reviewing the English, and I.C. Barrio for her statistical assistance. The staff of the Andalusia Environmental Government provided logistical and technical support. The Andalusia Environmental Government funded this work through a project for the conservation of the Black Vulture in Cordoba province.Guerrero-casado, J.; Ruiz-aizpurua, L.; Carpio, AJ.; Tortosa, FS. (2013). Factors affecting wild rabbit production in extensive breeding enclosures: how can we optimise efforts?. World Rabbit Science. 21(3):193-199. doi:10.4995/wrs.2013.1259.SWORD19319921