Sessão V - Ensino Superior

A Sessão V concentrou-se no sistema de ensino a jusante do secundário, nomeadamente o politécnico e universitário. Pretendeu-se aqui também suscitar uma ampla participação de todas as forças vivas que compõem estes sistemas, focalizada nas consequências para os seus projectos educativos do grau de maturidade do desenvolvimento dos três valores nos seus estudantes

Caracterização de aulas do tipo interrogativo : contributo para a pesquisa das funções dos alunos

Tese de Mestrado em Ciências da Educação, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa através da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, 198

Lesson plans development for physical education : the students? perception.

O plano de aula ? extremamente importante para as atividades docentes, mas pouco se discute sobre os itens que o comp?e, assim como os aspectos pr?ticos de sua elabora??o. O foco da discuss?o centrava-se em fundamentos te?ricos que tamb?m s?o imprescind?veis, mas que j? foram bem discutidos. A reflex?o pode ser ampliada, discutindo itens importantes para o registro e a sistematiza??o da produ??o de conhecimentos na ?rea da Educa??o F?sica, por meio dos planos de aulas. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a percep??o dos discentes iniciantes e concluintes de um curso de Licenciatura em Educa??o F?sica sobre a import?ncia dos itens que comp?em um plano de aula, bem como discutir esses itens considerando aspectos pr?ticos da elabora??o de um plano de aula. Trata-se de um estudo explorat?rio-descritivo, com uma amostra de 15 graduandos com possibilidade real de conclus?o do curso (grupo concluintes) e 15 graduandos do primeiro e segundo per?odos (grupo iniciantes), de ambos os sexos, que receberam uma lauda de papel pautado com a solicita??o de montagem de um plano de aula com o conte?do de sua escolha. Para an?lise dos planos de aula, os pesquisadores tinham ? sua disposi??o uma lista de itens previamente elencados ap?s estudo. Para an?lise estat?stica dos dados, utilizou-se o teste Qui-Quadrado, sendo adotado n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. A ?descri??o das atividades? foi o ?nico item que todos aos alunos perceberam como importante e apresentaram em seus planos. O segundo item mais lembrado foi a defini??o de objetivos para aula. O contraponto foi a n?o apresenta??o de sugest?o de ?refer?ncias bibliogr?ficas? e ?espa?o para coment?rios e reflex?es ap?s a aula?. Muito ainda precisa ser discutido sobre os demais itens que comp?em um plano de aula que n?o deveria se resumir a uma descri??o das atividades propostas para aula.The lesson plan is extremely important for teaching activities, but little is discussed about the items that compose it, as well as the practical aspects of its elaboration. The focus of the discussion centered on theoretical foundations that are also indispensable, but which have already been well discussed. The reflection can be broadened, discussing important items for the registration and systematization of the production of knowledge in the area of Physical Education, through the lesson plans. The aim of this study was to compare the perception of beginning and finishing students of a Licentiate degree in Physical Education on the importance of the items that make up a lesson plan, as well as discuss these items considering practical aspects of the elaboration of a lesson plan. This is an exploratory-descriptive study, with a sample of 15 graduates with a real possibility of completing the course (concluding group) and 15 graduates of the first and second periods (beginning group) of both sexes, who received a lined paper with the request to assemble a lesson plan with the content of their choice. For the analysis of the lesson plans, the researchers had at their disposal a list of items previously listed after study. For the statistical analysis of the data, the chi-square test was used, being adopted a level of significance of 5%. The ?description of activities? was the only item that all students perceived as important and presented in their plans. The second most remembered item was the setting of objectives for class. The counterpoint was the lack of suggestion of ?bibliographical references? and ?space for comments and reflections after class?. Finally, much still needs to be discussed about the other items that make up a lesson plan that should not be limited to a description of the activities proposed for class

Democracia e violência: a modernização por baixo Democracy and violence

A violência no Rio, ao contrário do que se é levado a crer pela sua reelaboração mítica, não é produzida primordialmente pela pobreza e pela exclusão. O déficit do Estado é uma causa muito mais importante do fenômeno nos anos 80. E há certas formas de violência juvenil no Rio - o "surfe ferroviário", o "arrastão" - que devem ser entendidas em termos de uma modernização por baixo da sociedade brasileira.<br>Contrarily to what one is lead to believe by its mytical reelabo-ration violence in Rio is not primordially produced by poverty and exclusion. The lack of state services is much more important as a cause of violence during the eighties. Moreover, some forms of youthfull violence are best understood as a kind of restricted modernization

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P &lt; 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease

BACKGROUND Clinical trials that have assessed the effect of revascularization in patients with stable coronary disease have routinely excluded those with advanced chronic kidney disease. METHODS We randomly assigned 777 patients with advanced kidney disease and moderate or severe ischemia on stress testing to be treated with an initial invasive strategy consisting of coronary angiography and revascularization (if appropriate) added to medical therapy or an initial conservative strategy consisting of medical therapy alone and angiography reserved for those in whom medical therapy had failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. A key secondary outcome was a composite of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. RESULTS At a median follow-up of 2.2 years, a primary outcome event had occurred in 123 patients in the invasive-strategy group and in 129 patients in the conservative-strategy group (estimated 3-year event rate, 36.4% vs. 36.7%; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.29; P=0.95). Results for the key secondary outcome were similar (38.5% vs. 39.7%; hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.29). The invasive strategy was associated with a higher incidence of stroke than the conservative strategy (hazard ratio, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.52 to 9.32; P=0.004) and with a higher incidence of death or initiation of dialysis (hazard ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.11; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease, advanced chronic kidney disease, and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction

Health status after invasive or conservative care in coronary and advanced kidney disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA-CKD trial, the primary analysis showed no significant difference in the risk of death or myocardial infarction with initial angiography and revascularization plus guideline-based medical therapy (invasive strategy) as compared with guideline-based medical therapy alone (conservative strategy) in participants with stable ischemic heart disease, moderate or severe ischemia, and advanced chronic kidney disease (an estimated glomerular filtration rate of &lt;30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 or receipt of dialysis). A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status. METHODS We assessed health status with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) before randomization and at 1.5, 3, and 6 months and every 6 months thereafter. The primary outcome of this analysis was the SAQ Summary score (ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating less frequent angina and better function and quality of life). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate the treatment effect with the invasive strategy. RESULTS Health status was assessed in 705 of 777 participants. Nearly half the participants (49%) had had no angina during the month before randomization. At 3 months, the estimated mean difference between the invasive-strategy group and the conservative-strategy group in the SAQ Summary score was 2.1 points (95% credible interval, 120.4 to 4.6), a result that favored the invasive strategy. The mean difference in score at 3 months was largest among participants with daily or weekly angina at baseline (10.1 points; 95% credible interval, 0.0 to 19.9), smaller among those with monthly angina at baseline (2.2 points; 95% credible interval, 122.0 to 6.2), and nearly absent among those without angina at baseline (0.6 points; 95% credible interval, 121.9 to 3.3). By 6 months, the between-group difference in the overall trial population was attenuated (0.5 points; 95% credible interval, 122.2 to 3.4). CONCLUSIONS Participants with stable ischemic heart disease, moderate or severe ischemia, and advanced chronic kidney disease did not have substantial or sustained benefits with regard to angina-related health status with an initially invasive strategy as compared with a conservative strategy

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field