Tougher Educational Exam Leading to Worse Selection

This paper shows a somehow counterintuitive result: an increase in the exam diculty may reduce the average quality (productivity) of selected individuals. Since the exam does not verify all skills, when its standard rises, candidates with relatively low skills emphasized in the test and high skills demanded in the job may no longer qualify. Hence, an increase in the testing standard may be counterproductive. One implication is that policies should emphasize alignment between the skills tested and those required in the actual jobs.school standard, signaling model, cognitive skill, noncog- nitive skill

PROSPECTING THE CULTURE OF THE SÁMI PEOPLE THROUGH TOURISM: An Experience in the City of Tromsø, Norway

This report focuses on different forms of tourist attraction of the Sami indigenous people in the city Tromsø/Norway, such as identity marks and maintenance of traditions. The general objective is to analyse signs as symbolic elements of the Sami people, showing their potential for indigenous ethnic tourism. We conducted a survey of tourist attractions, and verified how this service is provided for tourists. This study uses as methodological and theorical perspective that is exploratory in nature, according to Husserl’s phenomenology (2001), with strategies of ethnography (MATTOS, 2011) and Peirce’s semiotics (2011). This research took place in Tromsø/Norway city, which is located 350 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle and is home to the Sami people. The techniques of interlocution with those involved resulted in field annotations, and the techniques of participant observation, open-ended interview, pictures and audio recordings with ten participants were also used. Besides the interviews, documents were studied, such as Convention 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Sami legislation. It was observed, as a result of this research, that the city of Tromsø in Norway has evident tourist potential through the culture of the Sami people. The tourist attractions are varied, such as watching the Northern Lights, reindeer herding, and listening to stories of ancestry closely connected to nature, in a dialogic relationship between cultural tradition and science. It was also found that these tourist attractions are carried out responsibly, with sustainability in mind

Cost Estimation Of Rural School Transportation In The Road Transport Mode In Braziilian Cities

Generally, Brazilian students, especially rural residents, face several challenges to stay in school, from insufficient access to food, to difficulties in affording transportation, clothing and school materials. That is why offering free public education does not enable the access of students to school or prevent them from dropping out. Rural school transportation is the conveyance of students from their home to the school in which they are enrolled. Students may be conveyed between rural districts or from a rural area to the municipality’s urban seat. Further, the Brazilian Constitution mandates that states and municipalities provide free rural pupil transportation. To that end, states and cities may establish agreements for the municipality to convey students who attend schools under the state’s jurisdiction in exchange for the due financial aid. Public Authorities may provide school transportation directly or by means of contracting a third party enterprise through a bidding procedure. Thus, to support such agreements, it is central to identify the cost of operation of rural school transportation. Such cost encompasses input costs; optimizing route lengths; monitor the maintenance routine of vehicles and controlling taxes and fees related to the service.Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydne

Uma Análise da Dinâmica da Taxa de Lucro, da Taxa de Juros e do Grau de Utilização da Capacidade Produtiva a partir de um Modelo Macrodinâmico Pós-keynesiano

O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar as trajetórias dinâmicas de uma série de macrovariáveis – em particular, a taxa de lucro, a taxa de juros e o grau de utilização da capacidade produtiva – face à mudanças exógenas do ritmo de progresso tecnológico e da propensão a poupar dos capitalistas com base num modelo macro-dinâmico pós-keynesiano que integre o lado real e monetário da economia. A característica fundamental do modelo macro-dinâmico aqui apresentado é a forma pela qual a endogenia da oferta de moeda é estabelecida. Supõe-se que sempre que ocorre alguma inovação tecnológica as firmas demandam crédito ao setor bancário e, em decorrência disso, a taxa de juros cobrada pelos bancos tende a subir. Caracterizando assim uma endogeneidade parcial da oferta de moeda. O exercício de simulação computacional permitiu averiguar o grau de aderência do modelo à dinâmica de uma economia real. A simulação realizada mostrou, dentre outros resultados, que: (i) a taxa de lucro é significativamente elástica com relação a um choque tecnológico positivo, ao passo que a taxa de juros e o grau de utilização da capacidade são pouco sensíveis a esse tipo de choque; e (ii) a confirmação do paradoxo na frugalidade, segundo o qual o aumento da propensão a poupar dos capitalistas acaba por reduzir o nível da poupança agregada, a taxa de lucro e o grau de utilização da capacidade produtiva. Além disso, observou-se que a dinâmica das macrovariáveis em estudo foi extremamente sensível com relação à propensão a poupar dos capitalistas.Dinâmica Macroeconômica, Teoria Pós-keynesiana, Simulação Computacional