Análise da Evolução e da Estrutura da Siderurgia Brasileira e do Uso de Carvão Vegetal no período de 1980 a 2006

O presente trabalho analisa a evolução e estrutura da siderurgia brasileira e do uso do carvão vegetal no período de 1980 a 2006. Os objetivos específicos são: 1) analisar a evolução da produção, consumo, exportação e importação dos principais produtos elaborados por esta indústria, separando os que usam carvão vegetal e os que usam carvão mineral; e 2) caracterizar a estrutura da indústria (número de produtores, número de consumidores, tipos de produtos selecionados, entre outras variáveis). Em relação ao primeiro objetivo deste trabalho, evolução da indústria siderúrgica, contatou-se que o Brasil vem aumentando sua capacidade produtiva e sua inserção no mercado internacional. Quanto ao segundo objetivo específico deste trabalho, estrutura da indústria, observou-se a presença de 28 usinas, integradas ou semi-integradas, distribuídas em 10 estados brasileiros e controladas por 10 grupos empresariais. Ainda vale salientar a concentração da produção nacional de aço bruto no Sudeste e a crescente concentração da produção em poucos grupos, seguindo uma tendência mundial de fusões e aquisições no setor. No entanto, não se observa grande diferença de poder de mercado entre os grupos siderúrgicos.------------------------------The present paper analyses the evolution and structure of Brazilian Steel Industry and the use of charcoal in time period from 1980 to 2006. The specific objectives are: 1) analyze the evolution of production, consumption, exports, and imports of main product of this industry, separating the products that are made of charcoal and the ones made of coal; and 2) describe the industry structure (number of producers, number of consumers, types of selected products, and another variables). In relation to the first specific objective of this paper, steel industry evolution, Brazil is increasing its productive capacity and its insertion in the international market. Concerning to the second specific objective of this work, industry structure, Brazil has 28 steel mills, integrated or semi-integrated, distributed in 10 Brazilian states and controlled by 10 business groups. In addition to, it is possible to observe the concentration of steel domestic production in southeast and the crescent concentration of the sector, following the word tendency of merges and acquisitions in this sector. However, there is no evidence about big difference of market share among among steel industry groups.Siderurgia, Carvão, Brasil, Indústria, teel Industry, Charcoal, Brazil, Industry, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Evaluation and analysis of Open Access electronic resources in higher education libraries in Portugal

In this work, it is given public knowledge of a model that was built along the research carried out, with a view to evaluate the information resources in Open Access (OA) and present the results obtained by its application on a comparative study at the level of Higher Education Libraries (universities and polytechnics, public and private) in Portugal, more exactly concerning the Online Public Access Catalogs (OPAC) and Institutional Repositories (IR). For the construction of this model and its application to the Higher Education Libraries in Portugal, 3 dimensions with 9 indicators each were designed, in a total of 27, adapted to the experience made explicit by authors who have tackled the topic of evaluating the Internet resources. However, this construction was especially based on personal experience with the benefits and difficulties detected in practical use of these platforms, in terms of personal, professional and academic level. Using this model, the comparison and analysis of the positive and negative elements found, aim to suggest operating characteristics which could make the OPAC and IR platforms more reliable, simple and friendly, providing a quality and accessible service, empowering their users with effective results, and reversing the current trend of arbitrary use of existing information resources on the Internet. At the same time, the model aims to give clues that can protect the image and credibility of the institutions, giving them the visibility required in a world of increasingly competitive Information. The results obtained have provided an update regarding the OPAC and IR of the Higher Education Libraries in Portugal, obtaining conclusions through quantitative and qualitative data, retreating still further information according to each type of Institution. The research was generated during the author’s Doctoral Thesis defended in Universidad de Alcalá, in Spain, December 2019

Biologic Activity and Biotechnological Development of Natural Products

Rod Juscelino Kubitschek, BR-68903419 Macapa, AP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Ciencias Ambientais, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Fluminense, Fac Farm, Dept Tecnol Farmaceut, BR-24241002 Niteroi, RJ, BrazilUniv Antilles Guyane, Inst Enseignement Super Guyane, F-97337 Cayenne, FranceUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Ciencias Ambientais, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Evaluation of iris color stability in ocular prosthesis

Accurate iris reproduction in the fabrication of ocular prosthesis in order to match the remaining eye is a key factor to mask the loss and achieve an esthetic outcome for anophthalmic patients. This study evaluated the stability of acrylic paints used for replicating iris color in ocular prostheses by the analysis of two factors: the temperature of the acrylic resin polymerization cycle during prosthesis fabrication and the incidence of sun light, which is the main photodegrading agent undermining the longevity of ocular prostheses. An accelerated aging assay was used for both analyses. Specimens simulating the prosthetic iris in the colors blue, yellow, black, brown and green were fabricated, and were submitted to a colorimetric reading before and after undergoing the thermal conditions of acrylic resin polymerization. Next, the specimens were submitted to an artificial accelerated aging assay with ultraviolet radiation A and weekly colorimetric readings during a 3-week period. The color change (??*) values for the four specimens painted with the same color paint were averaged and the resulting values were considered for statistical analysis. Levine's test and Student's t-test were used to analyze the influence of the temperature of the polymerization cycle during prosthesis fabrication on the color stability of each acrylic resin paint. Friedman's test for three dependent samples was used for analysis of color photodegradation as function of time. Significance level was set at 0.05 for all analyses. It was observed that, after the action of the temperature of the polymerization cycle, alteration above clinically acceptable level of ??*> 3.3 was observed only for the yellow color. After the accelerated aging assay, there were statistically significant differences (p<0.05) as a function of time in the green, brown, black and blue colors. Changes were clinically acceptable for the brown and black colors; slightly above the clinically acceptable limit for the green color; and significantly high and impracticable from a clinical standpoint for the blue color. There was no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) for the yellow color, which presented color change only a little above the clinically acceptable limit. In conclusion: 1. Only the yellow color presented alterations above the clinically acceptable levels after the polymerization cycle; 2. After accelerated aging, there was no changes in the yellow color above the clinically acceptable levels; 3. For the green color, degradation was significant and slightly above the clinically acceptable levels; 4. The black, brown and blue colors presented significant alterations as function of time; the alterations of the brown and black colors were within acceptable clinical levels, while the blue color presented a more accentuated degradation over time.A fiel reprodução da íris do olho remanescente através da pintura na confecção da prótese ocular é fator fundamental no resultado estético e na dissimulação da perda para os pacientes afetados. Decidiu-se, então, avaliar a estabilidade das cores da tinta acrílica utilizada na pintura da mesma, sob a ação de dois fatores: a temperatura do ciclo de polimerização da resina acrílica e a incidência da luz solar, principal agente de fotodegradação que compromete a longevidade das próteses oculares, através de teste de envelhecimento acelerado. Foram assim, confeccionados corpos de prova simulando a íris protética, nas cores azul, amarelo, preto, marrom e verde, submetidos a uma leitura colorimétrica inicial e outra após as condições térmicas do ciclo de polimerização. Posteriormente os mesmos foram testados durante três semanas através de ensaio de envelhecimento acelerado artificialmente com radiação ultravioleta A e leituras colorimétricas semanais. Através dos valores da alteração de cor (DE*) foi obtida uma média para as quatro amostras pintadas com a mesma cor e os valores resultantes foram submetidos à análise estatística. Os testes de Levine e t de Student foram utilizados para analisar a influência da temperatura do processo de polimerização na estabilidade de cada cor utilizada na fabricação das próteses. O teste de Friedman para três amostras dependentes foi usado para analisar a degradação de cor em função do tempo. O nível de significância foi de 0,05 para todas as análises. Após a ação da temperatura do ciclo de polimerização, observou-se que somente na cor amarelo ocorreu alteração acima do nível clinicamente aceitável (p<0,05). Após o ensaio de envelhecimento, ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significantes em função do tempo nas cores verde, marrom, preto e azul. A variação de cor ocorreu em níveis considerados clinicamente aceitáveis para as cores marrom e preto; levemente acima dos níveis clinicamente aceitáveis para a cor verde; e em níveis elevados, inviáveis clinicamente para a cor azul. Na cor amarelo não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p>0,05), com alteração apenas um pouco acima do limite considerado clinicamente aceitável. Em conslusão: 1. Somente a cor amarelo apresentou alteração acima dos níveis clinicamente aceitáveis após o ciclo de polimerização; 2. Após o envelhecimento artificial, não houve alterações na cor amarelo acima dos níveis clinicamente aceitáveis; 3. Para a cor verde, a degradação foi significante e um pouco acima dos níveis clinicamente aceitáveis; 4. As cores preto, marrom e azul apresentaram diferenças significantes em função do tempo; as alterações das cores marrom e preto foram em níveis clinicamente aceitáveis, enquanto a cor azul apresentou um elevado índice de degradação de cor em todo tempo

Influence Of Coarse Aggregate On Concrete's Elasticity Modulus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)The modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important property because it is crucial for the control of deformation. The impossibility of obtaining concrete with higher elasticity modulus rates may cause economic liabilities due to the need for larger structural elements. Current paper evaluates three compressive strength classes (20, 30 and 40MPa) of concrete produced with two types of coarse aggregate, basalt and dolomite rock from the Triangulo Mineiro region, Brazil. Further, 459 cylindrical test specimens were cast for the experimental study. The experimental results of the elasticity modulus rates were compared and with formulations prescribed by four standards: ABNT NBR 6118, ACI 318, Eurocode 2 and FIB Model Code. Comparisons demonstrated that the effect of coarse aggregate on the elasticity modulus was negligible when compared to the concrete's resistance class.3911725CAPES (Federal Agency for the Support and Updating of Higher Education)FAPEMIG (Research Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

INTRODUÇÃO AOS MÉTODOS VARIACIONAIS

Variational methods are techniques developed and applied to solve certain differential equations, finding critical points of a functional associated with such equation. The main objective of this research is to determine sufficient conditions for some ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to have solutions via variational methods. For this purpose, the concept of weak derivative was initially defined, followed by the well-known Sobolev spaces. In these spaces, the so-called weak solution of the given differential equation was established in order to later solve the ODE, that is, to find one of its possible solutions. As for the methodology used in this article, it is an exploratory and bibliographic research with a qualitative approach. The results of this study highlight the use of the Mountain Pass Theorem, which provides some conditions of the functional, including the Palais-Smale condition, under which the functional associated with the equation has a critical point. It is concluded at the end of the research that the methods in question are a powerful tool for solving certain ordinary differential equations, whose traditional methods are not sufficient to solve.Los métodos variacionales son técnicas desarrolladas y aplicadas para resolver ciertas ecuaciones diferenciales, encontrando puntos críticos de una funcional asociada a tal ecuación. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es determinar condiciones suficientes para que algunas ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias (EDO) tengan soluciones mediante métodos variacionales. Para esto, inicialmente se definió el concepto de derivada débil y luego los conocidos espacios de Sobolev. En estos espacios, se estableció lo que llamamos solución débil de la ecuación diferencial dada, para más tarde resolver la EDO, es decir, encontrar una de sus posibles soluciones. En cuanto a la metodología utilizada en este artículo, es una investigación exploratoria y bibliográfica con un enfoque cualitativo. Los resultados de este estudio destacan el uso del teorema del Paso de la Montaña, que proporciona algunas condiciones de la funcional, incluida la condición de Palais-Smale, bajo la cual la funcional asociada a la ecuación tiene un punto crítico. Al final de la investigación, se concluye que los métodos en cuestión son una herramienta poderosa para resolver ciertas ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias, cuyos métodos tradicionales no son suficientes para resolver.Os Métodos Variacionais são técnicas desenvolvidas e aplicadas para resolver certas equações diferenciais, encontrando pontos críticos de um funcional associado a tal equação. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal determinar condições suficientes para que algumas equações diferenciais ordinárias (EDO) possuam solução via Métodos Variacionais. Para isso, inicialmente, foram definidos o conceito de derivada fraca e, em seguida, os conhecidos espaços de Sobolev. Nesses espaços, estabeleceu-se o que chamamos de solução fraca da equação diferencial dada, para, mais tarde, resolver a EDO, isto é, encontrar uma de suas soluções possíveis. Quanto à metodologia utilizada neste artigo, temos uma pesquisa exploratória e bibliográfica, e a abordagem qualitativa. Como resultados deste estudo, destaca-se a utilização do Teorema do Passo da Montanha, que fornece algumas condições do funcional, entre elas a condição de Palais-Smale, sob as quais o funcional associado à equação tem ponto crítico. Conclui-se, no final da pesquisa, que os métodos em questão são uma ferramenta poderosa para resolução de determinadas equações diferenciais ordinárias, cujos métodos tradicionais não são suficientes para resolver

Efecto de la hormona de crecimiento (hc) y el entrenamiento de fuerza en las propiedades colágenas del tejido óseo femoral

The indiscriminate use of anabolic steroids in gyms has been growing in a generalized way, among which, the most common is growth hormone (GH). In the short term GH may potentiate muscle growth, especially when taken in combination with resistance training. However, the effects of this hormone are not yet fully understood in the literature, especially in relation to collagen properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of growth hormone (GH) and resistance training (RT) on the collagen properties of femoral bone tissue using Raman Spectroscopy. In this study 40 male rats were randomly distributed into four groups (n=10): control (C), control and GH application (GH), resistance training (T), and resistance training and GH application (GHT). The training consisted of four series of 10 water jumps, performed three times a week, with an overload corresponding to 50 % of body weight and duration of four weeks. GH was applied at a dosage of 0.2 IU/Kg (0.067 mg/kg) to each animal, three times a week, every other day. The animals were euthanized and the right femurs were collected for analysis of bone structure. Raman spectroscopy (RS) was used to observe the following compounds from their respective bands: type I collagen (662 cm(-1)), amide III (1243 cm(-1)), proteins including type I collagen (1278 cm(-1)), woven collagen (1322 cm(-1)), association of collagen, phospholipids, nucleic acid, and phosphate (1330 cm(-1)), and collagen and protein deformation (1448 cm(-1)). The results demonstrated an increase in the collagen properties in all analyzed variables, however, the T group presented a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). It is possible to conclude that isolated physical training was shown to be more efficient than when combined with the application of GH to increase the collagen properties of the femoral bone tissue37414161421sem informação2013/14262-7El uso indiscriminado de anabolizantes en los gimnasios ha aumentado de forma generalizada, entre éstos la hormona de crecimiento (HC) es una de las más utilizadas, y a corto plazo puede potencializar el crecimiento muscular, principalmente cuando es realizado en combinación con el entrenamiento de fuerza. Sin embargo, los efectos de esta hormona aún no están totalmente esclarecidos en la literatura, especialmente en relación a las propiedades colágenas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación del HC y entrenamiento de fuerza (E) en las propiedades colágenas del tejido óseo femoral a partir de la utilización de la espectroscopía Raman. Se usaron 40 ratas Wistar distribuidos en cuatro grupos (n=10): control (C), control y aplicación del HC (HCC), entrenamiento de fuerza (E) y entrenamiento de fuerza y aplicación del HC (THC). El entrenamiento fue compuesto por cuatro series de 10 saltos acuáticos, realizados tres veces por semana, con sobrecarga correspondiente a 50 % del peso corporal y duración de cuatro semanas. El HC fue aplicado en una dosificación de 0,2 UI/Kg (0,067 mg/kg) en cada animal, tres veces por semana, en días no consecutivos. Los animales fueran eutanasiados y se retiró el fémur derecho para realización del análisis de la estructura ósea. La espectroscopía Raman (ER) fue utilizada para observar los siguientes compuestos a partir de las respectivas bandas: colágeno tipo I (662 cm-1), amida III (1243 cm1), proteínas, incluido colágeno tipo I (1278 cm-1), colágeno retorcido (1322 cm-1), asociación de colágeno, fosfolípidos, ácidos nucleicos y fosfato (1330 cm-1), deformación de colágeno y proteína (1448 cm-1). Hubo aumento en las propiedades colágenas en todas las variables analizadas, sin embargo, solamente el grupo E demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05). En conclusión, para el aumento de las propiedades colágenas del tejido óseo femoral, el entrenamiento físico aislado es más eficiente que el entrenamiento combinado con el uso de HCWe would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES, for the funding of this work and the Analyzes and Films Laboratory (LabMicro - FAPESP 2013/14262-7) of the Universidade Estadual Paulista - FCT/UNESP for providing the equipment and conducting the analyze

The participation of Wajapi women from the State of Amapa (Brazil) in the traditional use of medicinal plants - a case study

Background: the purpose of this study was to analyze the importance of traditional medicinal plants use to Wajapi women in the State of Amapa, Brazil, as well as their practices in the local common illnesses of treatment considering the prevailing practice by non-Indians.Methods: This study was conducted in the Community of the Wajapi Indigenous People, a Brazilian territory located in the central western State of Amapa. Wajapi women were selected for the interview since they have the responsibility to harvest, collect and prepare the preparations. the studied women were residents of four villages. the number of women within these four villages is 24.Results and conclusions: the findings fell into the following three categories: 1) the daily use of medicinal plants by women and main methods of application. in this category, the botanical families found included Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae, Anacardiaceae, Meliaceae, and Rubiaceae. the main forms of use found were teas, baths, maceration, in natura, and juices; 2) Through analysis of illness and treatment records, a lack of knowledge integration in the health system was shown to be due to a variety of gaps and the need of health professionals to be more aware about the local culture which they intend to work with, what could decrease the prevailing barriers between the social groups involved; 3) Traditional knowledge and possible sustainability can be fostered by stimulating the transmission of traditional knowledge from generation to generation, therefore reducing the dependence on industrialized medicines and also by maintaining an appreciation of those practices among youngsters, who tend to question them.Univ Fed Amapa, Curso Enfermagem, Ctr Ciencias Biol & Saude, BR-68902280 Macapa, Amapa, BrazilUniv Fed Amapa, Lab Estudos Sociais, BR-68902280 Macapa, Amapa, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo Unifesp, DCET, Setor Ciencias Farmaceut, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Amapa, Lab Pesquisa Farm, Ctr Ciencias Biol & Saude, BR-68902280 Macapa, Amapa, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo Unifesp, DCET, Setor Ciencias Farmaceut, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc