A projeção indiana no Oceano Índico no Pós-Guerra Fria : liderança regional além do Sul da Ásia

O presente estudo analisa as estratégias adotadas pela Índia na condução de sua política externa para a região do Oceano Índico. A partir do pressuposto de que a Índia possui o papel de potência regional no espaço geográfico em questão e por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, busca-se compreender a lógica que determina suas ações dentro das opções características utilizadas por potências regionais de acordo com o debate existente na literatura sobre o tema. A análise leva em consideração documentos oficiais do governo indiano e declarações de autoridades do país para estabelecer a visão existente na Índia sobre o Oceano Índico e como isso molda sua estratégia de inserção regional. Além de apresentar um panorama geral da política externa para região, o trabalho dividiu o Oceano Índico em sub-regiões a fim de apreciar detalhadamente os diferentes condicionantes presentes na interação da Índia com as dinâmicas sub-regionais. Identifica-se a prevalência de uma estratégia hegemônica que visa colocar a Índia como provedora de bens públicos para a região e principal garantidora da estabilidade regional, e construir uma ordem regional baseada na convergência de interesses comuns e interesses indianos.The present study analyzes the strategies adopted by India in conducting its foreign policy for the Indian Ocean region. Based on the assumption that India has the role of regional power in the geographic space in question and through a qualitative approach, it seeks to understand the logic that determines its actions within the options used by regional powers according to the existing debate in the literature on the topic. The analysis takes into account official Indian government documents and statements by country officials to establish India's existing view of the Indian Ocean and how it shapes its regional insertion strategy. In addition to presenting an overview of foreign policy for the region, the work divided the Indian Ocean into sub-regions in order to provide a detailed picture of the different conditions present in India's interaction with subregional dynamics. The prevalence of a hegemonic strategy that aims to place India as public goods provider for the region and the main guarantor of regional stability is identified, and to build a regional order based on the convergence of common and Indian interests

Progresso genético do algodoeiro herbáceo no Nordeste

The aim of this work was to evaluate the genetic improvement of yield of the herbaceous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. latifolium Hutch.) in the Brazilian Northeast within the 1976-1994 period. The method used evaluates the yield of genotypes of a year in comparison to the yield of the anterior year in order to calculate the total genetic yield. Media of other cultivars in relation to other characteristics since the beginning of the program up to 1994 are also presented. There was an average rate increase of 1.03% in the yield and improvement in other traits, for example in the percentage of fiber.O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar o ganho genético do algodão herbáceo (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. latifolium Hutch.) quanto à produtividade, no Nordeste do Brasil no período de 1976 a 1994. Utilizou-se o método que avalia o rendimento dos genótipos de determinado ano em comparação com o do ano anterior, visando calcular o ganho genético total. São apresentadas também as médias das cultivares em relação às outras características desde o início do programa até 1994. O progresso genético observado foi de 1,03% ao ano quanto ao rendimento de algodão em caroço. Outras características, como, por exemplo, porcentagem de fibra, também obtiveram melhoramento

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Qualidade de vida de indivíduos com HIV: revisão integrativa / Quality of living of individuals with HIV integration review

 A qualidade de  vida de pacientes vivendo com HIV/AIDS é essencial, tendo em vista o caso específico dos adolescentes é ainda mais importante porque o jovem além de lidar com a resistência e a aceitação da doença, deve também enfrentar os conflitos da puberdade.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão integrativa em relação a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com HIV. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa realizado no período de 2016 a 2017, utilizando-se o banco de dados Medline e Lilacs. Apesar do impacto da infecção pelo HIV/AIDS na saúde psicológica e nas relações sociais dos indivíduos infectados, assim como no domínio físico, o uso da TARV provocou consequências positivas na saúde psicológica, proporcionando a desconstrução da ideia de morte advinda ao diagnóstico de portador do HIV/AIDS e a construção de melhores perspectivas de vida. A adesão ao tratamento em HIV/AIDS está relacionada a um aumento da sobrevida e de sua qualidade. Porém deve-se respeitar a posição pessoal do portador para fazer ou não o tratamento

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types