Investigation into the role of the germline epigenome in the transmission of glucocorticoid-programmed effects across generations.

BACKGROUND: Early life exposure to adverse environments affects cardiovascular and metabolic systems in the offspring. These programmed effects are transmissible to a second generation through both male and female lines, suggesting germline transmission. We have previously shown that prenatal overexposure to the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) in rats reduces birth weight in the first generation (F1), a phenotype which is transmitted to a second generation (F2), particularly through the male line. We hypothesize that Dex exposure affects developing germ cells, resulting in transmissible alterations in DNA methylation, histone marks and/or small RNA in the male germline. RESULTS: We profile epigenetic marks in sperm from F1 Sprague Dawley rats expressing a germ cell-specific GFP transgene following Dex or vehicle treatment of the mothers, using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, small RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing for H3K4me3, H3K4me1, H3K27me3 and H3K9me3. Although effects on birth weight are transmitted to the F2 generation through the male line, no differences in DNA methylation, histone modifications or small RNA were detected between germ cells and sperm from Dex-exposed animals and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Although the phenotype is transmitted to a second generation, we are unable to detect specific changes in DNA methylation, common histone modifications or small RNA profiles in sperm. Dex exposure is associated with more variable 5mC levels, particularly at non-promoter loci. Although this could be one mechanism contributing to the observed phenotype, other germline epigenetic modifications or non-epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for the transmission of programmed effects across generations in this model

Nuclear FAK and Runx1 cooperate to regulate IGFBP3, cell cycle progression and tumor growth

Abstract Nuclear focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a potentially important regulator of gene expression in cancer, impacting both cellular function and the composition of the surrounding tumor microenvironment. Here, we report in a murine model of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that nuclear FAK regulates Runx1-dependent transcription of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and that this regulates SCC cell-cycle progression and tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, we identified a novel molecular complex between FAK and Runx1 in the nucleus of SCC cells and showed that FAK interacted with a number of Runx1-regulatory proteins, including Sin3a and other epigenetic modifiers known to alter Runx1 transcriptional function through posttranslational modification. These findings provide important new insights into the role of FAK as a scaffolding protein in molecular complexes that regulate gene transcription. Cancer Res; 77(19); 5301–12. ©2017 AACR.</jats:p

Influence of cIAP1 on cell proliferation

La protéine cIAP1 (cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein-1) de la famille des IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) est une E3 ubiquitine ligase qui présente des propriétés oncogéniques. Notre équipe s’intéresse aux processus permettant la différenciation des monocytes en macrophages. Au cours de la différenciation de nombreux modèles cellulaires (macrophages, cellules dendritiques, cellules épithéliales du colon, cellules souches hématopoïetiques, cardiomyocytes), cIAP1 sort du noyau pour se relocaliser dans le cytoplasme. La plupart des fonctions connues de cIAP1 sont liées à sa localisation cytoplasmique où elle est un régulateur important des voies de signalisation des récepteurs du TNFα et de NF-κB. Lors de la différenciation macrophagique, nous avons montré que cIAP1, une fois dans le cytoplasme, induit la dégradation de TRAF-2, un adaptateur moléculaire impliqué dans la transduction du signal des voies des récepteurs du TNFα et de NF-κB. Cette dégradation bloque la voie canonique de NF-κB et est essentielle à la différenciation terminale des monocytes en macrophages qui nécessite une activation transitoire de cette voie de signalisation. Cependant, cIAP1 est principalement exprimée dans le noyau de différents types cellulaires ce qui n’est pas en accord avec son rôle dans la signalisation cellulaire. Mon objectif a donc consisté à identifier les fonctions nucléaires de cIAP1 dans des cellules prolifératives ou lors de la différenciation macrophagique. Mon travail de thèse a permis d’identifier un rôle de cIAP1 dans la prolifération cellulaire. cIAP1 interagit avec le facteur de transcription E2F1 et favorise son recrutement sur les promoteurs des Cycline E et A impliquées dans les transitions G1/S et G2 du cycle cellulaire, ce qui augmente l’expression des transcrits et des protéines de ces deux cibles. Il semblerait que par cette activité, cIAP1 régule la prolifération des cellules et soit important dans l’équilibre entre la prolifération et la différenciation, deux mécanismes cellulaires étroitement liés.The inhibitor of apoptosis protein cIAP1 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1) from the IAP family (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that displays oncogenic properties. Our team is interested in the mecanisms that allow macrophagic differentiation from monocytes. cIAP1 is relocalised from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during the differentiation of many kind of cellular models (macrophages, dendritic cells, colon epithelial cells, hematopoietic stem cells, cardiomyocytes). The well-known functions of cIAP1 are associated with its cytoplasmic localisation, where it regulates the TNFα receptors and NF-κB signalling pathways. During macrophage differentiation, we show that cIAP1, once it is in cytoplasm, induces TRAF-2 degradation, a molecular adaptator of the TNFα receptors family and NF-κB signalling pathways. This degradation blocks the canonical pathway of NF-κB and is essential for the terminal differentiation into macrophages that needs a transitory activation of this pathway. However, cIAP1 is mainly expressed in the nucleus on many cell types which is not in accordance with its cell signalling activity. My objective was to investigate the nuclear function of cIAP1 in proliferative cells or during macrophage differentiation. My work identifies a function of cIAP1 in proliferation regulation. cIAP1 interacts with E2F1 transcription factor and favors its recruitment on Cyclins E and A promoters, both involved in G1/S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, which leads to high level of transcript and protein expression of these two targets. It seems that cIAP1 regulates the cellular proliferation and is important for the balance between proliferation and differentiation, two mechanisms tightly connected in cells

Influence de clAP1 sur la prolifération cellulaire

La protéine cIAP1 (cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein-1) de la famille des IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) est une E3 ubiquitine ligase qui présente des propriétés oncogéniques. Notre équipe s intéresse aux processus permettant la différenciation des monocytes en macrophages. Au cours de la différenciation de nombreux modèles cellulaires (macrophages, cellules dendritiques, cellules épithéliales du colon, cellules souches hématopoïetiques, cardiomyocytes), cIAP1 sort du noyau pour se relocaliser dans le cytoplasme. La plupart des fonctions connues de cIAP1 sont liées à sa localisation cytoplasmique où elle est un régulateur important des voies de signalisation des récepteurs du TNFa et de NF- B. Lors de la différenciation macrophagique, nous avons montré que cIAP1, une fois dans le cytoplasme, induit la dégradation de TRAF-2, un adaptateur moléculaire impliqué dans la transduction du signal des voies des récepteurs du TNFa et de NF- B. Cette dégradation bloque la voie canonique de NF- B et est essentielle à la différenciation terminale des monocytes en macrophages qui nécessite une activation transitoire de cette voie de signalisation. Cependant, cIAP1 est principalement exprimée dans le noyau de différents types cellulaires ce qui n est pas en accord avec son rôle dans la signalisation cellulaire. Mon objectif a donc consisté à identifier les fonctions nucléaires de cIAP1 dans des cellules prolifératives ou lors de la différenciation macrophagique. Mon travail de thèse a permis d identifier un rôle de cIAP1 dans la prolifération cellulaire. cIAP1 interagit avec le facteur de transcription E2F1 et favorise son recrutement sur les promoteurs des Cycline E et A impliquées dans les transitions G1/S et G2 du cycle cellulaire, ce qui augmente l expression des transcrits et des protéines de ces deux cibles. Il semblerait que par cette activité, cIAP1 régule la prolifération des cellules et soit important dans l équilibre entre la prolifération et la différenciation, deux mécanismes cellulaires étroitement liés.The inhibitor of apoptosis protein cIAP1 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1) from the IAP family (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that displays oncogenic properties. Our team is interested in the mecanisms that allow macrophagic differentiation from monocytes. cIAP1 is relocalised from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during the differentiation of many kind of cellular models (macrophages, dendritic cells, colon epithelial cells, hematopoietic stem cells, cardiomyocytes). The well-known functions of cIAP1 are associated with its cytoplasmic localisation, where it regulates the TNFa receptors and NF- B signalling pathways. During macrophage differentiation, we show that cIAP1, once it is in cytoplasm, induces TRAF-2 degradation, a molecular adaptator of the TNFa receptors family and NF- B signalling pathways. This degradation blocks the canonical pathway of NF- B and is essential for the terminal differentiation into macrophages that needs a transitory activation of this pathway. However, cIAP1 is mainly expressed in the nucleus on many cell types which is not in accordance with its cell signalling activity. My objective was to investigate the nuclear function of cIAP1 in proliferative cells or during macrophage differentiation. My work identifies a function of cIAP1 in proliferation regulation. cIAP1 interacts with E2F1 transcription factor and favors its recruitment on Cyclins E and A promoters, both involved in G1/S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, which leads to high level of transcript and protein expression of these two targets. It seems that cIAP1 regulates the cellular proliferation and is important for the balance between proliferation and differentiation, two mechanisms tightly connected in cells.DIJON-BU Doc.électronique (212319901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les IAP au cœur de la signalisation NF-κB

La fonction des IAP (inhibitors of apoptosis proteins) a longtemps été restreinte à une inhibition de l’apoptose, en raison de leur capacité à lier directement certaines caspases. La mise en évidence d’altérations de l’expression de ces protéines dans des échantillons tumoraux en a fait des cibles privilégiées pour les traitements anticancéreux. De nombreuses molécules ont été développées dans le but d’inhiber la capacité de liaison des IAP avec les caspases. De façon inattendue, ces molécules altèrent considérablement la signalisation NF-κB. Dans cette revue, nous discuterons des travaux récents montrant un rôle central de cIAP1, cIAP2 et XIAP dans la régulation des voies de signalisation conduisant à une activation de NF-κB

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with dynamic changes in DNA hydroxymethylation

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the commonest cause of liver disease in developed countries affecting 25–33% of the general population and up to 75% of those with obesity. Recent data suggest that alterations in DNA methylation may be related to NAFLD pathogenesis and progression and we have previously shown that dynamic changes in the cell lineage identifier 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) may be important in the pathogenesis of liver disease. We used a model of diet-induced obesity, maintaining male mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) to generate hepatic steatosis. We profiled hepatic gene expression, global and locus-specific 5hmC and additionally investigated the effects of weight loss on the phenotype. HFD led to increased weight gain, fasting hyperglycaemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hepatic periportal macrovesicular steatosis. Diet-induced hepatic steatosis associated with reversible 5hmC changes at a discrete number of functionally important genes. We propose that 5hmC profiles are a useful signature of gene transcription and a marker of cell state in NAFLD and suggest that 5hmC profiles hold potential as a biomarker of abnormal liver physiology

E2F1 binds to the peptide-binding groove within the BIR3 domain of cIAP1 and requires cIAP1 for chromatin binding

International audienceThe cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1) is an E3-ubiquitin ligase that regulates cell signaling pathways involved in fundamental cellular processes including cell death, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and inflammation. It recruits ubiquitination substrates thanks to the presence of three baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains at its N-terminal extremity. We previously demonstrated that cIAP1 promoted the ubiquitination of the E2 factor 1 (E2F1) transcription factor. Moreover, we showed that cIAP1 was required for E2F1 stabilization during the S phase of cell cycle and in response to DNA damage. Here, we report that E2F1 binds within the cIAP1 BIR3 domain. The BIR3 contains a surface hydrophobic groove that specifically anchors a conserved IAP binding motif (IBM) found in a number of intracellular proteins including Smac. The Smac N-7 peptide that includes the IBM, as well as a Smac mimetic, competed with E2F1 for interaction with cIAP1 demonstrating the importance of the BIR surface hydrophobic groove. We demonstrated that the first alpha-helix of BIR3 was required for E2F1 binding, as well as for the binding of Smac and Smac mimetics. Overexpression of cIAP1 modified the ubiquitination profile of E2F1, increasing the ratio of E2F1 conjugated with K11- and K63-linked ubiquitin chains, and decreasing the proportion of E2F1 modified by K48-linked ubiquitin chains. ChIP-seq analysis demonstrated that cIAP1 was required for the recruitment of E2F1 onto chromatin. Lastly, we identified an E2F-binding site on the cIAP1-encoding birc2 gene promoter, suggesting a retro-control regulation loop