Acid gas and metal emission rates during long-lived basalt degassing at Stromboli Volcano

International audienceThe discharge of acid gases and metals from Stromboli is determined from airborne and ground‐based filter sampling of particulate matter in the volcanic plume, combined with COSPEC measurements of SO2 fluxes. Smaller particle sizes and high enrichment factors distinguish the most volatile elements (by order: S, Se, Br, Cl, Cd, Bi, In, As, Sb, Sn, F, Au, Pb, Cr, Cu) from those strictly (Fe, Mn, REE, Sc, Sr, Th, Ti, V) or mainly (Al, Ba, Ca, Co, K, Na, U) derived from volcanic ash. Time‐averaged volatile fluxes show that Stromboli is a representative arc emittor, producing 1–2% of the global volcanic budget of sulfur, halogens and several trace metals, while 15–25% of volcanic emissions of Bi, Cd, Cs, Pb and Sn in southern Italy. Subaerial degassing of its S‐Cl‐rich shoshonitic magma over the last 2 ky of similar activity may have released as much copper and gold as is encountered in magma‐derived high‐sulfidation ore deposits

Mechanisms of dispersion in silica filled elastomers: Input of different approaches

International audiencePrecipitated silica is traditionally used as reinforcing filler in rubber applications. In pneumatic manufacture, it offers several advantages compared to carbon black. Indeed, in tyre treads, precipitated silica can yield a lower rolling resistance and better wet grip at equal wear resistance than carbon black.Filler dispersion can be characterized using different methods (. In the present work we use three different approaches to compare the dispersability of two grades of amorphous precipitated silica in the shape of micropearls, characterized by different specific areas. The three approaches are: the first approach is based on the analysis of the behaviour of silica micropearls under mechanical stress in air (fluidized bed and impact on wall) and in water (ultrasounds), dispersion kinetics of silica measured into air or water with the development of specific descriptors to follow dispersion kinetics, the second method is based on the characterization of dispersion mechanisms of silica micropearls into the elastomer matrix in the diluted regime via the use of a transparent counter-rotating plate-and-plate shear cell coupled with an optical microscope. In this case, the micropearl is subjected to hydrodynamic stresses due to the shear of the elastomer matrix, the last method is based on the analysis of dispersion during the mixing operation of silica and the elastomer in an internal mixer coupling information from rheology, bound rubber and SEM to follow the dispersion.We will show that the different approaches bring complementary information on the dispersion mechanisms but also on the intrinsic properties of silica

Diversité des prises en charge hospitalières de l'anorexie mentale en psychiatrie en France

International audienceBackground: Hospitalization is rare in anorexia nervosa (AN) and local application of indications is heterogeneous. However, no study has evaluated the effect of these different treatment modalities on the mean length of stay. Our objective was to describe the context and modalities of a wide range of hospital care programs offered to patients with anorexia nervosa in eleven specialized French psychiatric centers for patients from childhood to adulthood. This work was carried out within the framework of the EVHAN (Evaluation of Hospitalization for AN, Eudract number: 2007-A01110-53, registered in Clinical trials) research program. The EVHAN program comprises five main lines: weight objectives at discharge, the practice or not of a separation period, the use of clear nutritional dietary objectives (cognitive/behavioral), the intensity of family involvement in treatment, and the existence or absence of a stabilization phase before ending inpatient treatment. These main lines will make it possible to study the impact of treatment modalities on the future of patients in the short and medium term (at discharge and at 1-year follow-up). Methods: The eleven centers are located in France (Bordeaux, Nantes, Paris and Ile-de-France, Rouen and Saint-Étienne). Various staff members (psychiatrists, somatic doctors, nurses, dieticians, psychologists) from each center were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data on operating modalities and context of care were collected and analyzed. Results: Four of the eleven centers were exclusively child/adolescent centers, and seven of 11 were adolescent (from 11, 13 or 16 years) and young adult centers. All centers offered a graduated approach from outpatient to full hospitalization. The majority had a number of beds allocated for patients with eating disorders. The criteria for hospitalization were homogeneous with respect to somatic and/or psychic severity prefiguring the consensus criteria defined by the French Health Authority (HAS) in 2010. Child/adolescent units used the weight curve to set weight objectives at discharge (between the 10th and 50th percentiles). Most adult units used weight objectives at discharge corresponding to a body mass index between 17 and 20 kg/m2. Nine centers used a written or oral care contract. One unit did not separate the patient from her/his usual environment, the others had a practice gradient of partial separation and total separation times. These were either short, lasting a maximum of 3 weeks, or long, lasting more than 3 weeks. Conversely, patients were not isolated within the unit, and benefited from a rich social life, depending on her/his physical condition. The patient's family was in contact with the team and fully supported. The longest periods of separation involved adolescents and adults. Nutritional support varied from a group approach (meals in the dining room, standardized meals of the care center) to very individualized approaches within a specific framework. All the units reported meeting with families at least once during the hospitalization; with the patient's parents for child/adolescent patients and/or unmarried patients and with the husband/wife for married patients. The majority of the centers requested a phase of weight stabilization, whatever the age before hospital discharge. Conclusion: There is international and national consensus regarding the indications for hospitalization, and the main lines of multidisciplinary care to be developed within this framework. However, local application of these indications was heterogeneous resulting in diverse modalities of hospital care for anorexia nervosa in France. Specialized teams have developed management strategies arising from their “team culture”. The complexity of the anorexic pathology, due to the psyche-soma intrication and the diversity of age groups, highlights the complexity of care available. The impact of this diversity of hospital care on patient outcomes will be studied as a result of this work

Caregivers in anorexia nervosa: is grief underlying parental burden?

AUTEURS : The members of the EVHAN GroupInternational audiencePurpose: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe chronic disorder and parents’ experience of caregiving is usually marked by emotional distress and burden. Severe chronic psychiatric disorders are known to be linked with the concept of grief. Grief has not been investigated in AN. The aim of this study was to explore parents’ and adolescents’ characteristics that may be related to parental burden and grief in AN, and the link between these two dimensions. Methods: Eighty mothers, 55 fathers and their adolescents (N = 84) hospitalized for AN participated in this study. Evaluations of clinical characteristics of the adolescent’s illness were completed, as well as self-evaluations of adolescent and parental emotional distress (anxiety, depression, alexithymia). Levels of parental burden were evaluated with the Experience of Caregiving Inventory and levels of parental grief with the Mental Illness Version of the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief. Results: Main findings indicated that the burden was higher in parents of adolescents with a more severe AN; fathers’ burden was also significantly and positively related to their own level of anxiety. Parental grief was higher when adolescents’ clinical state was more severe. Paternal grief was related to higher anxiety and depression, while maternal grief was correlated to higher alexithymia and depression. Paternal burden was explained by the father’s anxiety and grief, maternal burden by the mother’s grief and her child’s clinical state. Conclusion: Parents of adolescents suffering from AN showed high levels of burden, emotional distress and grief. These inter-related experiences should be specific targets for intervention aimed at supporting parents. Our results support the extensive literature on the need to assist fathers and mothers in their caregiving role. This in turn may improve both their mental health and their abilities as caregivers of their suffering child. Level of evidence: Level III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control analytic studies