Characterization of fluvial facies distributions and cyclicity using terrestrial lidar: Paleocene Nacimiento Formation, Kutz Canyon, New Mexico

The fluvial deposits of the early Paleocene Nacimiento Formation are comprised of variegrated mudstones with interbedded paleosols and channel sandstone bodies. This study documents these strata in a ~1 km2 outcrop area at Kutz Canyon, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, by employing fully georeferenced lidar intensity data collected from a terrestrial lidar scanner and an outcrop surface model constructed from the lidar data and calibrated digital field photographs. At this location, the lidar intensity data are responsive to lithology and distinct lidar facies are identified which correspond to facies types described in measured stratigraphic sections. One dimensional lidar intensity logs resemble subsurface gamma-ray logs in form and can be related with subsurface observations. Further, the structural dip of these strata was estimated by digitizing a key marker paleosol. We rotated the data along this dip using the scanner software, which provided more accurate correlations. Width-to-thickness ratios of a ribbon sandstone channel and a thick meter-scale sheet sandstone were also calculated. Wavelet analyses conducted on the lidar intensity data yielded a periodic signal at 6.5 m over a vertical thickness of 25 m. The recurrence interval of this signal is estimated to be approximately 34 kya and is interpreted as depositional products of successive avulsion episodes, or depositional lobe switching on a distributive fluvial system. Trenching through the weathering crust present on outcrop along two measured stratigraphic sections indicated that while gross lithology can be determined from the lidar intensity data, small-scale textural details cannot. As a result, a stacking-pattern analysis focused on identifying and then creating accommodation plots for fining-upward fluvial cycles was done exclusively on the measured sections. The cycle trends were only correlative when analyzed above the stratigraphic level that contained a thick sheet sandstone present in one of the sections. The results of this work illustrate the versatility of using lidar datasets in stratigraphy. A future project could potentially apply these methods to a larger area across Kutz Canyon and may have to ability to document indistinct stratal geometries on a multi-kilometer scale that could further be used to better understand the large-scale architecture of fluvial systems

New tables for oxygen saturation of seawater

This paper presents new tables and a nomogram for the calculation of oxygen saturation values of pure water and of seawater. The tables are based on recent car eful determinations of the Bunsen absorption coefficient for oxygen and on accepted values of the vapor pressure of water

Some seasonal chemical changes in the open ocean

Several studies have been made of the seasonal changes in th, chemical composition of sea water, especially of the so-called nutrient substances. But most of these have been in localities relatively near shore and in the temperate zones where climatic fluctuations are relatively great. During the years 1937 and 1938 an opportunity arose to study such changes in the open ocean in connection with an investigation of the variations of the Gulf Stream (Iselin, 1940)

Comparison and evaluation of currently employed modifications of the Winkler method for determining dissolved oxygen in seawater; A NASCO report

This report discusses the basic chemistry of the Winkler procedure as well as various results obtained from fi eld and laborator y studies and experiments designed to determine the accuracy or precision of measuring the concentration of dissolved oxygen in seawater with currently used modifications of the Winkler method...

Underage Drinking in Nebraska

This brief describes the prevalence of underage drinking in Nebraska and its associated outcomes, as well as state policies pertinent to underage drinking and evidence-based strategies that can prevent underage drinking. We defined underage drinking as alcohol consumption by persons younger than 21 years. In 2010, Nebraska’s underage drinking costs, including medical care, work loss, and pain and suffering, totaled more than an estimated $423 million, which translates to a cost of$2,309 per year for each youth in Nebraska or $2.92 per drink. Underage customers consumed about a quarter of all alcohol sold in Nebraska. In a ranking of states based on the alcohol percentage consumed by youth, with 1 being the highest, Nebraska ranked fifth. Nebraska policy makers should strongly consider the following state-level policies: increasing taxes on alcohol products, prohibiting youth exposure to alcohol advertising, limiting access to excessive drinking by maintaining limits on days of sale and hours of sale, maintaining and upholding the integrity of the minimum legal drinking age laws, and expanding dram shop liability laws. Cities should study innovative methods of regulating alcohol outlets that balance commerce and protection of citizens. Both local municipalities and the state government should ensure there are sufficient resources available to enforce existing and new underage drinking laws.https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/coph_policy_reports/1004/thumbnail.jp

An automatic reagent dispenser for shipboard use

Recent work on modification of the molybdenum-blue method for determination of dissolved inorganic phosphate in sea water (Wooster and Rakestraw, 1951) showed the need for a simple rugged device sui table for rapid and precise delivery of small quantities of reagents at sea. The two reagents used for phosphat e determination impose addit ional requirements on this device. Molybdic acid solution must be protected from the light and must not be allowed to come in contact with rubber;·stannous chloride solution must be protected from contact with the atmosphere

High resolution pH measurements using a Lab-on-Chip sensor in surface waters of Northwest European shelf seas.

Abstract: Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are resulting in a reduction in seawater pH, with potential detrimental consequences for marine organisms. Improved efforts are required to monitor the anthropogenically driven pH decrease in the context of natural pH variations. We present here a high resolution surface water pH data set obtained in summer 2011 in NorthWest European Shelf Seas. The aim of our paper is to demonstrate the successful deployment of the pH sensor, and discuss the carbonate chemistry dynamics of surface waters of Northwest European Shelf Seas using pH and ancillary data. The pH measurements were undertaken using spectrophotometry with a Lab-on-Chip pH sensor connected to the underway seawater supply of the ship. The main processes controlling the pH distribution along the ship’s transect, and their relative importance, were determined using a statistical approach. The pH sensor allowed 10 measurements h-1 with a precision of 0.001 pH units and a good agreement with pH calculated from a pair of discretely sampled carbonate variables dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) (e.g., pH, DIC, pCO2). For this summer cruise, the biological activity formed the main control on the pH distribution along the cruise transect. This study highlights the importance of high quality and high resolution pH measurements for the assessment of carbonate chemistry dynamics in marine waters

On Sidgwick's Demise: A Reply to Professor Deigh

In ‘Sidgwick’s Epistemology’, John Deigh argues that Henry Sidgwick’s The Methods of Ethics ‘was not perceived during his lifetime as a major and lasting contribution to British moral philosophy’ and that interest in it declined considerably after Sidgwick’s death because the epistemology on which it relied ‘increasingly became suspect in analytic philosophy and eventually [it was] discarded as obsolete’. In this article I dispute these claims

Nansen-bottle stations at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 55 (2008): 379-395, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.003.Nansen-bottle stations were occupied by ships and personnel of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1931 to about 1981. Most of these data are in archives, but using them intelligently to depict the state of the ocean and to assess time changes in it requires knowing how the observations were made, what accuracies can be assigned to them, and generally how to approach them. This report describes the evolving methods on Woods Hole stations for measuring temperature, depth of observation, salinity, and dissolved-oxygen concentration, and for determining station position. Accuracies generally improved over time, although estimates from the early years are sparse, and even later there is indefiniteness. Analytical error is to be distinguished from sloppy sample collection and blunders. The routine for carrying out Nansen-bottle stations, from the 1950s through the 1970s, is reviewed