Diet digestibility and production performance in dairy goats consuming plant oils

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of differently unsaturated vegetable oils added to dairy goat diets on apparent digestibility and performance traits. Twelve Malagueña goats were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: no oil (CONTROL), 48 g/d of high oleic sunflower oil (GAO), regular sunflower oil (RSFO) or linseed oil (LIN). The basal diet was made of alfalfa hay and a pelleted concentrate, which included the respective oil and chromium as indicator. The experimental period lasted 21 days. The digestibility of dietary components, except for fat, did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). Oil inclusion in the diet significantly (P < 0.05) increased fat digestibility. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition between treatments. It was concluded that moderate amounts of unsaturated plant oils can be added to dairy goat diets without negative effects on diet digestibility or performance traits

Límites nutricionales para dietas de cabras lecheras en crecimiento

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar el consumo de materia seca y las necesidades nutritivas de cabras lecheras de reposición estabuladas para establecer límites nutricionales aplicables a la formulación de dietas por programación lineal a mínimo coste. El diseño de dietas nutricionalmente adecuadas y económicas requiere que el nutricionista estime correctamente el consumo de materia seca y forraje y los aportes y las necesidades de nutrientes. La bibliografía revisada sugiere que el consumo total de materia seca de las cabras oscila entre los límites físico y fisiológico impuestos por la capacidad del tracto digestivo y las necesidades energéticas diarias. El efecto de llenado digestivo puede relacionarse con los carbohidratos estructurales de la dieta, mientras la saciedad metabólica se relaciona con la concentración energética de la dieta. El consumo mínimo de forraje necesario para mantener la salud ruminal es bajo, mientras que el consumo máximo de forraje está determinado probablemente por el contenido de fibra neutrodetergente de la dieta. Los aportes y las necesidades de energía y proteína calculadas según los dos sistemas de valoración más modernos son similares, por lo que es indistinto usar cualquiera de ambos para optimizar dietas. Las propuestas recientes para el cálculo de los aportes y las necesidades de calcio y fósforo ofrecen una mayor precisión

Lipid metabolism in ruminants

El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar algunos aspectos del metabolismo lipídico y características relevantes de la grasa de la carne y la leche de los rumiantes. Los ácidos grasos disponibles para la absorción en el intestino delgado de los rumiantes proceden de los alimentos y los microorganismos ruminales, y son mayoritariamente ácidos grasos saturados y no esterificados debido a la digestión microbiana ruminal. Los ácidos grasos absorbidos que tienen menos de 12 carbonos son vertidos directamente a la vena porta y transportados al hígado unidos a la albúmina sérica; el resto son esterificados e incorporados a lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad y quilomicrones que se transportan por vía linfática hasta el torrente sanguíneo para su distribución a los tejidos. El hígado de los rumiantes tiene menor importancia en el metabolismo lipídico que el de los monogástricos, pero adquiere especial relevancia en situaciones de balance energético negativo en las que la alteración del metabolismo hepático de los lípidos puede provocar graves patologías. Los depósitos grasos distintos de la musculatura están constituidos casi exclusivamente por triglicéridos y son la principal reserva de energía del organismo. Por el contrario, la grasa intramuscular posee distintas proporciones de fosfolípidos y triglicéridos en función del grado de engrasamiento. Los fosfolípidos de las membranas celulares son el lugar preferente de deposición de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados disponibles. La composición de la grasa láctea varía en función del origen de los ácidos grasos: ácidos grasos de cadena larga de origen alimentario o movilizados desde el tejido adiposo, o ácidos grasos de cadena corta y media sintetizados in situ a partir de acetato y betahidroxibutirato. La mayor parte de los ácidos grasos incorporados a los triglicéridos lácteos son captados de la sangre. La importante contribución de los ácidos grasos de la dieta consumida por los rumiantes a los lípidos de sus productos ofrece la posibilidad de modificar el contenido de los ácidos grasos de la carne y, sobre todo, la leche en un sentido favorable para la salud de los consumidores.In this paper, key aspects of lipid metabolism and characteristics of ruminants’ meat and milk fat were reviewed. Fatty acids available for absorption in the small intestine of ruminants are from dietary and microbial origin and, because of microbial digestion in the rumen, are mainly nonsterified saturated fatty acids. Short chain fatty acids (less than 12 carbon atoms) are absorbed into the bloodstream, bound to serum albumin and transported to the liver through the portal vein. Medium and long chain fatty acids are esterified upon their absorption and transported via lymph to the bloodstream as chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins, to be used by the different tissues. In ruminants, the liver has a minor role in lipid metabolism compared with monogastrics, but it is especially relevant in situations of intense negative energy balance when the hepatic metabolism of lipids may be altered causing severe pathologies. Fat depots other than intramuscular depots are composed mainly of triglycerides and are the major energy reserve of the body. However, the proportion of phospholipids and triglycerides in the intramuscular fat depends on the degree of fatness. The cell membrane phospholipids are the preferred site of deposition of available polyunsaturated fatty acids. Milk fat composition depends on the origin of the fatty acids: long chain fatty acids from dietary origin or mobilized from adipose tissue, or medium and short chain fatty acids synthesized in situ from acetate and betahydroxybutyrate. Most fatty acids incorporated into milk triglycerides are taken from the blood. The major contribution of dietary fatty acids to meat and, specially, milk fatty acids offers the possibility of changing the fatty acid profile of ruminant products to promote human consumer health

Effect of fat sources on fiber digestion in ruminants

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar el efecto de la inclusión de fuentes de grasa no protegidas sobre la digestión de la fibra en los rumiantes. Es bien conocido que el aporte de grasa extra en forma de fuentes de grasa no protegidas a la dieta puede afectar negativamente a los microorganismos del rumen y, en consecuencia, a la digestión microbiana de la dieta. La bibliografía revisada indica que la fibra es el único componente de la dieta cuya digestibilidad es reducida en ocasiones. Este efecto es menos frecuente cuando el contenido de grasa extra en la dieta no supera el 4% con independencia del grado de insaturación, forma de presentación y procesado de la fuente de grasa. En los trabajos en que se observó reducción de la digestibilidad de la fibra aunque la inclusión de grasa extra en la dieta fue inferior al 4%, el forraje mayoritario aportado fue ensilado, o se utilizaron fuentes de grasa ricas en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de más de 20 carbonos. Cuando la grasa extra se incluye por encima del 4% en la dieta, la reducción de la digestibilidad de la fibra es más frecuente pero no existe una relación clara entre los resultados observados y las características de la fuente de grasa o de la dieta. En ocasiones, la ausencia de efectos negativos de la grasa extra sobre la digestibilidad total de la fibra puede ser explicada porque la disminución de la digestión ruminal es compensada totalmente por la digestión en los tramos posteriores del tracto digestivo. El efecto negativo de las fuentes de grasa no protegidas sobre la digestibilidad de la fibra se relaciona con el efecto tóxico que los ácidos grasos insaturados de cadena larga tienen sobre las bacterias fibrolíticas y los protozoos ruminales, aunque el mecanismo de acción no ha sido aclarado.The aim of this paper was to review the effect of unprotected dietary lipid sources on fiber digestion in ruminants. It is well known that extra fat included in the diet in the form of unprotected fat sources sometimes can negatively affect rumen microorganisms and alter the microbial digestion of the diet. Reviewed literature points out fiber is the only dietary component whose digestibility can be decreased. This effect is less common when extra fat is included in the diet up to 4% regardless of unsaturation degree, and type or processing of the fat source. Decreased fiber digestibility observed in some studies where extra fat was lower than 4% could be due to the inclusion of silage as the main forage in the diet, or the use of fat sources rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids over 20 carbons. When extra fat is included in the diet above 4%, decreased fiber digestibility is more common but there is not clear relationship between the observed effect and the characteristics of the fat source or the diet. In some studies, the lack of negative effects of extra fat on total fiber digestibility could be explained because digestion in the lower digestive tract completely compensated for the decrease of rumen digestion. Decreased fiber digestibility when unprotected fat sources are included in ruminant diets is related to the toxic effect that long chain unsaturated fatty acids have on rumen fibrolytic bacteria and protozoa, although the exact mechanism of action has not been determined ye

Detection of C3O in IRC+10216: Oxygen-Carbon chain chemistry in the outer envelope

The oxygen-bearing species C3O has been identified in the circumstellar envelope of the carbon star IRC +10216. The J = 8-->7, 9-->8, 10-->9, 14-->13, and 15-->14 transitions were detected at 2 and 3 mm using the Arizona Radio Observatory’s 12 m telescope. Measurements of the J = 9-->8, 10-->9, and 12-->11 lines were simultaneously conducted at the IRAM 30 m telescope. The line profiles of C3O are roughly U-shaped, indicating an extended shell distribution for this molecule in IRC +10216. The total column density derived for C3O is 1.2x10^12 cm^-2, at least an order of magnitude higher than that predicted by current chemical models. However, a revised model that includes reactions of atomic oxygen with carbon-chain radicals, such as l-C3H and C4, can reproduce the observed abundance. This model also predicts that C3O arises from a shell source with an outer radius near r ∼ 30", consistent with the observations. These results suggest that gas phase neutral-neutral chemistry may be producing the oxygen-bearing molecules present in the outer envelope of IRC +10216.This material is based on work supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the NASA Astrobiology Institute under Cooperative Agreement CAN-02-OSS-02 issued through the Office of Space Science. We also acknowledge support from Spanish MEC under project AYA2003-2785 and from "Comunidad de Madrid" under PRICIT project S-0505/ESP-0237 (ASTROCAM). E. D. T. thanks NSF for a graduate research fellowship, and M. A. acknowledges Spanish MEC for a predoctoral grant AP2003-4619.Peer reviewe

Astronomical radio-reception techniques for emission spectroscopy of molecular and short lived species in cold plasmas

Santiago de Compostela, Facultade de Química,17-21 julio 2017. -- http://www.bienalrsef2017.com/bienalrsef17/This work has received funding from the European Research Council under the Program (FP/2007- 2013) / ERC-SyG-2013 Grant Agreement n. 610256 NANOCOSMOS and from Spanish MINECO under the Consolider-Ingenio Program CSD2009-00038 (ASTROMOL) and the grants FIS2013- 48087-C2-1-P, FIS2016-77726-C3-1-P.Peer Reviewe

Biological behavior of familial papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Spanish multicenter study

Purpose Familial papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (FPTMC) can present a more aggressive behavior than the sporadic microcarcinoma. However, few studies have analyzed this situation. The objective is to analyze the recurrence rate of FPTMC and the prognostic factors which determine that recurrence in Spain. Methods Spanish multicenter longitudinal analytical observational study was conducted. Patients with FPTMC received treatment with curative intent and presented cure criteria 6 months after treatment. Recurrence rate and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. Two groups were analyzed: group A (no tumor recurrence) vs. group B (tumor recurrence). Results Ninety-four patients were analyzed. During a mean follow-up of 73.3 +/- 59.3 months, 13 recurrences of FPTMC (13.83%) were detected and mean DFS was 207.9 +/- 11.5 months. There were multifocality in 56%, bilateral thyroid involvement in 30%, and vascular invasion in 7.5%; that is to say, they are tumors with histological factors of poor prognosis in a high percentage of cases. The main risk factors for recurrence obtained in the multivariate analysis were the tumor size (OR: 2.574, 95% CI 1.210-5.473; p = 0.014) and the assessment of the risk of recurrence of the American Thyroid Association (ATA), both intermediate risk versus low risk (OR: 125, 95% CI 10.638-1000; p < 0.001) and high risk versus low risk (OR: 45.454, 95% CI 5.405-333.333; p < 0.001). Conclusion FPTMC has a recurrence rate higher than sporadic cases. Poor prognosis is mainly associated with the tumor size and the risk of recurrence of the ATA

Smoking cessation opportunities in severe mental illness (tobacco intensive motivational and estimate risk — TIMER—): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

There is an increased risk of premature death in people with severe mental illness (SMI). Respiratory disorders and cardiovascular disease are leading causes of increased mortality rates in these patients, and tobacco consumption remains the most preventable risk factor involved. Developing new tools to motivate patients towards cessation of smoking is a high priority. Information on the motivational value of giving the lung age and prevention opportunities is unknown in this high-risk population. In the context of community care, screening and early detection of lung damage could potentially be used, together with mobile technology, in order to produce a prevention message, which may provide patients with SMI with a better chance of quitting smoking.This study receives funding by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Instituto Carlos III (FIS PI16/00802)

Discovery of Interstellar Heavy Water

We report the discovery of doubly deuterated water (D2O, heavy water) in the interstellar medium. Using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory 10 m telescope, we detected the 1_10–1_01 transition of para-D2O at 316.7998 GHz in both absorption and emission toward the protostellar binary system IRAS 16293-2422. Assuming that the D2O exists primarily in the warm regions where water ices have been evaporated (i.e., in a "hot corino" environment), we determine a total column density of N(D2O) of 1.0x10^13 cm^-2 and a fractional abundance of D2O/H2 = 1.7x10^-10. The derived column density ratios for IRAS 16293-2422 are D2O/HDO = 1.7x10^-3 and D2O/H2O = 5x10^-5 for the hot corino gas. Steady state models of water ice formation, either in the gas phase or on grains, predict D2O/HDO ratios that are about 4 times larger than that derived from our observations. For water formation on grain surfaces to be a viable explanation, a larger H2O abundance than that measured in IRAS 16293-2422 is required. Alternatively, the observed D2O/HDO ratio could be indicative of gas-phase water chemistry prior to a chemical steady state being attained, such as would have occurred during the formation of this source. Future observations with the Herschel Space Observatory satellite will be important for settling this issue.The CSO is funded by the NSF through grant AST 22-09008. This work was supported by the NASA Goddard Center for Astrobiology and, through Cooperative Agreement NCC2-1412, by NASA’s Long Term Space Astrophysics Program. J. R. Pardo and J. Cernicharo thank the Spanish MEC for funding support under grant AYA2003-02785 and the Madrid Community Government under grant S-0505 ESP-0237 (ASTROCAM).Peer reviewe

RADIO ASTRONOMY RECEIVERS AND A GAS REACTION CHAMBER FOR LABORATORY ASTROCHEMICAL SIMULATIONS.

International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. 73rd Meeting - June 18-22, 2018 - Champaign-Urbana, Illinois (USA). .--http://isms.illinois.edu / http://hdl.handle.net/2142/10050