Obesidad pregestacional como factor asociado a un incremento de cesáreas en primigestas

Objetivo: Valorar si la obesidad pregestacional es un factor asociado al incremento de cesáreas en primigestas. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles en el que se incluyeron a 143 pacientes gestantes primigestas, según criterios de selección los cuales se dividieron en 2 grupos: pacientes expuestas a vía de parto por cesárea o vaginal; aplicándose el odds ratio, y la prueba estadística chi cuadrado. Resultados: No se apreciaron diferencias significativas respecto a las variables edad, grado de instrucción ni estado civil entre las pacientes expuestas a parto por cesárea o vaginal (p>0.05); la frecuencia de obesidad en pacientes con vía de parto por cesárea fue de 71%; la frecuencia de obesidad en pacientes con vía de parto vaginal fue de 14/76= 18%; la obesidad como factor de riesgo para vía de parto por cesárea con un odds ratio de 11.18 el cual fue significativo (p<0.05). Conclusión: La obesidad pregestacional es un factor asociado al incremento de cesáreas en primigestas.Objective: To assess whether pregestational obesity is a factor associated with the increase of cesarean sections in primigraves. Material and methods: A retrospective case-control study was carried out in which 143 primiparous pregnant patients were included, according to selection criteria, which were divided into 2 groups: patients exposed to a cesarean or vaginal delivery route; applying the odds ratio, and the chi square statistical test. Results: No significant differences were observed regarding the variables age, educational level or marital status among the patients exposed to cesarean or vaginal delivery (p> 0.05); the frequency of obesity in patients with cesarean delivery was 71%; the frequency of obesity in patients with vaginal delivery was 14/76 = 18%; obesity as a risk factor for cesarean delivery with an odds ratio of 11.18 which was significant (p <0.05). Conclusion: Pregestational obesity is a factor associated with the increase of cesarean sections in primigraves.Tesi

Initiation codon selection is accomplished by a scanning mechanism without crucial initiation factors in sindbis virus subgenomic mRNA

Translation initiation of alphavirus subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) can occur in the absence of several initiation factors (eIFs) in infected cells; however, the precise translation mechanism is still poorly understood. In this study, we have examined the mechanism of initiation and AUG selection in Sindbis virus (SINV) sgmRNA. Our present findings suggest that sgmRNA is translated via a scanning mechanism, since the presence of a hairpin structure before the initiation codon hampers protein synthesis directed by this mRNA. In addition, translation is partially recovered when an in-frame AUG codon is placed upstream of this hairpin. This scanning process takes place without the participation of eIF4A and active eIF2. These results, combined with our findings through modifying the SINV sgmRNA leader sequence, do not support the possibility of a direct initiation from the start codon without previous scanning, or a shunting mechanism. Moreover, studies carried out with sgmRNAs containing two alternative AUG codons within a good context for translation reveal differences in AUG selection which are dependent on the cellular context and the phosphorylation state of eIF2α. Thus, initiation at the additional AUG is strictly dependent on active eIF2, whereas the genuine AUG codon can start translation following eIF2α inactivation. Collectively, our results suggest that SINV sgmRNA is translated by a scanning mechanism without the potential participation of crucial eIFs. A model is presented that explains the mechanism of initiation of mRNAs bearing two alternative initiation codonsThis work was supported by a DGICYT (Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain) grant BFU2012-31861. M.G.-M. is holder of a FPI (Formación de Personal Investigador) fellowship. The Institutional Grant awarded to the Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM) by the Fundación Ramón Areces is acknowledge

A Viral mRNA Motif at the 3′-Untranslated Region that Confers Translatability in a Cell-Specific Manner. Implications for Virus Evolution

Sindbis virus (SINV) mRNAs contain several motifs that participate in the regulation of their translation. We have discovered a motif at the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of viral mRNAs, constituted by three repeated sequences, which is involved in the translation of both SINV genomic and subgenomic mRNAs in insect, but not in mammalian cells. These data illustrate for the first time that an element present at the 3′-UTR confers translatability to mRNAs from an animal virus in a cell-specific manner. Sequences located at the beginning of the 5′-UTR may also regulate SINV subgenomic mRNA translation in both cell lines in a context of infection. Moreover, a replicon derived from Sleeping disease virus, an alphavirus that have no known arthropod vector for transmission, is much more efficient in insect cells when the repeated sequences from SINV are inserted at its 3′-UTR, due to the enhanced translatability of its mRNAs. Thus, these findings provide a clue to understand, at the molecular level, the evolution of alphaviruses and their host rangeThis work was supported by a DGICYT (Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain) grant BFU2012-31861. The Institutional Grant awarded to the Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM) by the Fundación Ramón Areces is acknowledge

Discriminating interacting dark energy models using Statefinder diagnostic

In the present work, we perform a comparative study of different interacting dark energy (DE) models using the Statefinder diagnostics. In particular, 17 different forms of the energy transfer rate $Q$ between DE and dark matter (DM) were focused on, belonging to the following categories: i) linear models in energy densities of DE and DM, ii) non-linear models, iii) models with a change of direction of energy transfer between DE and DM, iv) models involving derivatives of the energy densities, v) parametrized interactions through a function of the coincidence parameter $\tilde{r}$, and finally we also consider vi) two kinds of models with a self-interaction between DM, without DE. These models have been already studied in the literature and constrained with observational data available at that time. In order to discriminate between them at background level, we use the Statefinder diagnostic, based on the computation and study of the so-called Statefinder parameters $r$, $s$ in addition to the deceleration parameter $q$. We plot the evolution trajectories for the several interacting models on the $r-q$, $r-s$ planes, and we find some distinctive features and departures from $\Lambda$CDM and other DE models, as Quintessence, Chaplygin Gas, running vacuum models (RVM) and Galileon.Comment: 37 pages, 19 figures, 1 tabl

Translation of Viral mRNA without Active eIF2: The Case of Picornaviruses

Previous work by several laboratories has established that translation of picornavirus RNA requires active eIF2α for translation in cell free systems or after transfection in culture cells. Strikingly, we have found that encephalomyocarditis virus protein synthesis at late infection times is resistant to inhibitors that induce the phosphorylation of eIF2α whereas translation of encephalomyocarditis virus early during infection is blocked upon inactivation of eIF2α by phosphorylation induced by arsenite. The presence of this compound during the first hour of infection leads to a delay in the appearance of late protein synthesis in encephalomyocarditis virus-infected cells. Depletion of eIF2α also provokes a delay in the kinetics of encephalomyocarditis virus protein synthesis, whereas at late times the levels of viral translation are similar in control or eIF2α-depleted HeLa cells. Immunofluorescence analysis reveals that eIF2α, contrary to eIF4GI, does not colocalize with ribosomes or with encephalomyocarditis virus 3D polymerase. Taken together, these findings support the novel idea that eIF2 is not involved in the translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA during late infection. Moreover, other picornaviruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus, mengovirus and poliovirus do not require active eIF2α when maximal viral translation is taking place. Therefore, translation of picornavirus RNA may exhibit a dual mechanism as regards the participation of eIF2. This factor would be necessary to translate the input genomic RNA, but after viral RNA replication, the mechanism of viral RNA translation switches to one independent of eIF2

Análisis de la correcta elaboración y aplicación de la fórmula polinómica en obras por contrata (2011 - 2020): Caso Municipalidad la Victoria

En el presente estudio de investigación, se tuvo como objetivo general analizar la correcta elaboración y aplicar la fórmula polinómica, en obras por contrata del periodo 2011-2020, de la Municipalidad La Victoria. Se realizó una investigación de tipo aplicada y de enfoque cuantitativo. El diseño es no experimental transversal exploratorio. La muestra estudiada la conforman trece expedientes de obras ejecutadas por el tipo de administración indirecta y como resultado principal se obtuvo al a ver analizado el total de expedientes, cuatro de ellos generaron un perjuicio al estado de un 5.86%, equivalente a S/. 3,232.81, mientras que los nueve restantes tuvieron un perjuicio al ejecutor del 94.14% equivalente a S/. 51,971.28. La confiabilidad de resultados se analizó mediante el alfa de Cronbach(α), teniendo un α=0.96, catalogado como excelente confiabilidad, por último, se concluye que la inadecuada interpretación y elaboración de la fórmula polinómica, da un perjuicio al estado, así como al contratista, el cual se ve afectado al no haber hecho las consultas y observaciones necesarias en el proceso de selección, así mismo por parte de la entidad los responsables que elaboraron y/o aprobaron el expediente técnico de ejecución contractual, habiendo incumplido lo señalado en el D. S. N°011-79-VC

La parcial liberalización de las prácticas promocionales del comercio en el Real Decreto-Ley 20/2012

Flexibilización del régimen de prácticas comerciales promocionales por el Real Decreto-ley 20/2012, de 13 de julio, de medidas para garantizar la estabilidad presupuestaria y de fomento de la competitivida

Sobre la responsabilidad por falta de conformidad y la garantía comercial en los vehículos de segunda mano

El negocio de compraventa de vehículos usados en España no es sólo cosa de empresarios, sino que cada vez es más frecuente encontrarse con vendedores que se hacen pasar por particulares evitando prestar la garantía de conformidad prevista en el artículo 123 TRLGDCU. Los vendedores profesionales se encuentran desprotegidos no sólo ante este tipo de competencia, sino por la obligatoriedad de prestar un año de garantía por falta de conformidad con independencia de la antigüedad del vehículo que desean vender. Este trabajo pretende demostrar que la garantía de un año por falta de conformidad de bienes de segunda mano a la que están sujetos los vendedores profesionales no puede entenderse total, sino que deberá ser adecuada a la antigüedad del bien y no será posible que cubra cualquier desperfecto, sino sólo aquellos que el comprador no hubiera podido razonablemente conocer en el momento de la compra

Sobre el control de abusividad de la cláusula de ejecución notarial de la hipoteca

Una vez y otra, y de esto hace ya años, penden sobre la norma legal de ejecución notarial de la hipoteca sucesivos ataques de validez. Por primera vez afronta el TS el problema de si una cláusula que permite el acceso a esta ejecución extrajudicial puede considerarse no transparente o abusiva

¿Perjudica al consumidor la ignorancia del derecho?

Este  documento reflexiona sobre cómo está operando en nuestro Ordenamiento el error de Derecho. Admitiendo que el artículo 6.1 del Código Civil no tiene como objeto la elucubración de si las leyes deben ser o no conocidas, sino la regulación de los efectos del error de Derecho, se analizan cuáles son tales efectos para el consumidor