Exílio, intelectuais e dissidência à Revolução Cubana em Mariel – Revista de Literatura y Arte (1983-1985)

Since the 19th century, political disputes and Cuban intellectual production have been marked by the establishment of sociability networks, discussion of national projects, strengthening of political leaders and intense artistic production outside the island territory. Exile was established as a privileged place of opposition to official powers throughout Cuban history, as well as the production of works and different national sensitivities. Mariel - Revista de Literatura y Arte was founded in 1983, in Miami, by Cuban writers exiled to the United States during Mariel's massive exile (1980), and it was published until 1985 in the United States, Latin America and Europe. As a literary magazine, one of its main objectives was to disseminate Cuban literature and art, mainly that produced by writers of the self-styled “generation of Mariel”, placing itself as an identity link between these artists. The collective editorial project was opposed to the Cuban revolutionary regime, and declared itself anti-communist, anti-totalitarian, defender of democracy and civil liberties, having a strong denunciation nature. Our main proposal for this paper is to understand the path of the collective editorial project and how it constituted a political opposition to the Cuban revolutionary government during exile in the United States. As a result, we analyzed the formation of sociability networks in exile, and the debates the publication conveyed about Mariel's massive exile.Las disputas políticas y la producción intelectual cubanas desde el siglo XIX han estado marcadas por la formación de redes de sociabilidad, la discusión de proyectos nacionales, el fortalecimiento de liderazgos políticos y una intensa producción artística fuera del territorio insular. El exilio se ha establecido como un lugar privilegiado de oposición a los poderes oficiales a lo largo de la historia de Cuba, así como de producción de diversas obras y sensibilidades nacionales. Mariel - Revista de Literatura y Arte fue fundada en 1983 en Miami por escritores cubanos exiliados en los Estados Unidos durante el exilio masivo de Mariel (1980), y circuló hasta 1985 en los Estados Unidos, América Latina y Europa. Como revista literaria, uno de sus principales objetivos era difundir la literatura y el arte cubanos, especialmente el producido por los escritores de la autodenominada "generación del Mariel", situándose como un vínculo de identidad entre estos artistas. El proyecto editorial colectivo se oponía al régimen revolucionario cubano y se declaraba anticomunista, antitotalitario, defensor de la democracia y de las libertades individuales, con un poderoso carácter de denuncia. Nuestra propuesta central en este trabajo es comprender la trayectoria del proyecto editorial colectivo y cómo constituyó una oposición política al gobierno revolucionario cubano durante el exilio en los Estados Unidos. De esta manera, analizamos el establecimiento de redes de sociabilidad en el exilio, y los debates que la publicación ha transmitido sobre el exilio masivo de Mariel.  As disputas políticas e a produção intelectual cubanas, desde o século XIX, têm sido marcadas pela conformação de redes de sociabilidade, discussão de projetos nacionais, fortalecimento de lideranças políticas e intensa produção artística fora do território insular. O exílio se estabeleceu como local privilegiado de oposição aos poderes oficiais ao longo da história cubana, bem como de produção de obras e de sensibilidades nacionais diversas. Mariel – Revista de Literatura y Arte foi fundada em 1983, em Miami, por escritores cubanos exilados nos Estados Unidos durante o exílio massivo de Mariel (1980), e circulou até 1985 nos Estados Unidos, América Latina e Europa. Como revista literária, um de seus principais objetivos foi divulgar a literatura e a arte cubanas, principalmente a produzida por escritores da autodenominada “geração de Mariel”, colocando-se como elo identitário entre esses artistas. O projeto editorial coletivo era oposicionista ao regime revolucionário cubano, e declarava-se anticomunista, antitotalitário, defensor da democracia e das liberdades individuais, possuindo pujante caráter de denúncia. Nossa proposta central neste trabalho é compreender a trajetória do projeto editorial coletivo e como esse constituiu uma oposição política ao governo revolucionário cubano durante o exílio nos Estados Unidos. Dessa forma, analisamos o estabelecimento de redes de sociabilidade no desterro, e os debates que a publicação veiculou acerca do exílio massivo de Mariel

A case of intercommunity lethal aggression by chimpanzees in an open and dry landscape, Issa Valley, western Tanzania

Intercommunity (lethal) aggression is a familiar component of the behavioural repertoire of many forest-dwelling chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) communities. However, until now, the absence of intercommunity attacks - including killings - in communities that live in open, mosaic environments has supported hypotheses of reduced resource competition in drier habitats, and informed referential models of early hominin social dynamics in a similar habitat. In June 2020, we observed the first instance of intercommunity lethal aggression, a male-committed infanticide, by the Issa chimpanzee community, which live in a savannah-mosaic habitat in the Issa Valley, western Tanzania. The carcass was recovered by researchers after it was abandoned by the attackers. Here, we give a detailed account of the events leading up to and including the infanticide, and contextualise our observations with what has been described for other chimpanzee communities. Notably, in contrast to the majority of reported intercommunity infanticides, the infant male victim was castrated (and not cannibalised), making this the youngest reported castration. This observation of intercommunity aggression disproves its hypothesised absence in savannah-dwelling chimpanzees, which by extension, has implications for early hominin evolution. We suggest that the near absence of observations of intercommunity aggression in savannah chimpanzee communities is most likely due to the lack of long-term study communities, and in some cases geographic isolation. We hypothesise that food-rich areas within a habitat with otherwise widely distributed food sources may select for intense intercommunity aggression despite the low population density characteristic of savannah communities. Anecdotes such as this add to the comparative database available on intercommunity killings in chimpanzee society, improving our ability to draw inferences about their evolutionary significance

Visual Function Questionnaire as an outcome measure for homonymous hemianopia: subscales and supplementary questions, analysis from the VISION trial

Background: We conduct supplementary analyses of the NEI VFQ-25 data to evaluate where changes occurred within subscales of the NEI VFQ-25 leading to change in the composite scores between the three treatment arms, and evaluate the NEI VFQ-25 with and without the Neuro 10 supplement. Methods: A prospective, multicentre, parallel, single-blind, three-arm RCT of fourteen UK acute stroke units was conducted. Stroke survivors with homonymous hemianopia were recruited. Interventions included: Fresnel prisms for minimum 2 h, 5 days/week over 6-weeks (Arm a), Visual search training for minimum 30 min, 5 days/week over 6-weeks (Arm b) and standard care-information only (Arm c). Primary and secondary outcomes (including NEI VFQ-25 data) were measured at baseline, 6, 12 and 26 weeks after randomisation. Results: Eighty seven patients were recruited (69% male; mean age (SD) equal to 69 (12) years). At 26 weeks, outcomes for 24, 24 and 22 patients, respectively, were compared to baseline. NEI VFQ-25 (with and without Neuro 10) responses improved from baseline to 26 weeks with visual search training compared to Fresnel prisms and standard care. In subscale analysis, the most impacted across all treatment arms was ‘driving’ whilst the least impacted were ‘colour vision’ and ‘ocular pain’. Conclusions: Composite scores differed systematically for the NEI VFQ-25 (Neuro 10) versus NEI VFQ-25 at all time points. For subscale scores, descriptive statistics suggest clinically relevant improvement in distance activities and vision-specific dependency subscales for NEI VFQ-25 scores in the visual search treatment arm. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN05956042

Percepção do usuário e a coloração dos biopolímeros

O contexto de mercado atual envolve uma quantidade crescente de consumidores com maior consciência ambiental em processo de revisão de seus hábitos de consumo. Dessa forma, fazem-se importantes esforços no sentido de reduzir o impacto ambiental gerado pelos produtos e o setor de embalagens, que tem alto índice de descarte, demanda atenção. O que se propõe é ampliar a aplicação dos biopolímeros e polímeros biodegradáveis em embalagens, a exemplo do setor de Higiene Pessoal, Perfumaria e Cosméticos, sem que seja prejudicada a relação entre o usuário e o produto

Costs of formal and informal care at home for people with dementia: ‘expert panel’ opinions from staff and informal carers

Effective home support in dementia is key in delaying nursing home admission. However, home support is frequently not tailored to the individual needs of people with dementia. Staff allocating home support services may not identify important care needs, which only be recognised by informal carers. The purpose of this study was to explore the balance of informal and formal home support and their associated costs from the perspectives of both informal carers and paid staff. Five case vignettes of people with dementia were designed based on an existing English data set from a European study into transition into long-term care (the RightTimePlaceCare programme), representing 42 per cent of the English sample. In total, 14 informal carers and 14 paid staff were consulted in separate groups, as expert panels, regarding their recommendations for home care services for each vignette. Care recommendations of carers and staff were costed based on nationally available unit costs and compared. Informal carers allocated fewer hours of care than staff. Personal and domestic home care and day care centres were the most frequently recommended formal services by both groups, and some vignettes of people with dementia were recommended for care home admission. The ratio of costs of informal versus formal support was relatively equal for paid staff, yet unbalanced from the perspectives of informal carers with a greater proportion of formal care costs. Recommendations from this study can help shape dementia care to be more tailored to the individual needs of people with dementia and their carers

Rabies Virus in Raccoons, Ohio, 2004

In 2004, the raccoon rabies virus variant emerged in Ohio beyond an area where oral rabies vaccine had been distributed to prevent westward spread of this variant. Our genetic investigation indicates that this outbreak may have begun several years before 2004 and may have originated within the vaccination zone

Interactions Between Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and Cattle (Bos taurus) in the Issa Valley, Western Tanzania

Wildlife habitats are being degraded globally due to human activities. Pastoralism in Africa has been described as a major threat to habitats and a source of wildlife-livestock interactions and conflict. Chimpanzees in particular are affected by the use of land for livestock, most notably where cattle trample terrestrial food sources and may act as potential reservoirs of disease. Yet, despite extensive study of wild chimpanzees across their distribution, no detailed behavioural observations of chimpanzee-cattle interactions have been described. We report ten direct chimpanzee-cattle encounters that occurred from 2019-2021 in the Issa valley, Tanzania. We observed more interactions in the dry season, and these prompted more vigilance by chimpanzees than wet season interactions. The distance between chimpanzees and cattle may also affect chimpanzee behavioural responses. Our observations suggest that (1) chimpanzees remain vigilant but otherwise only minimally change their behavioural reactions towards cattle in ways that depend, at least in part, on chimpanzee party composition, with males reacting more overtly than females and (2) chimpanzees exhibit more aversive behaviour when cattle are accompanied by herders and dogs

Genesis of soils from bauxite in southeastern Brazil : resilication as a soil-forming process.

Pedological studies using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) showed a Xanthic Ferralsol formed from the degradation of bauxite on a slope in the Caparaó region, in southeastern Brazil. We found a decrease in the number and size of bauxite fragments toward the top of the profiles, bauxite fragments that were more degraded at the top of the profiles, transformation of gibbsite into kaolinite, and absolute enrichment in silicon in the mass balance. These indicators suggest that resilication could be the major process responsible for formation of the soil; detailed studies are needed to verify the origin of the silica. The reintroduction of silica into the system occurs by the biogeochemical cycling of vegetation and, in some cases, water table fluctuations, highlighting the role of resilication as a soil-forming process in bauxite-derived soils