Utjecaj sastava i početne pH-vrijednosti podloge na proizvodnju karotenoida iz otpada dobivenog pri proizvodnji biodizela i parene riže

Search for naturally grown food has stimulated the biotechnological production of carotenoids. Therefore, the use of the yeast Xanthophyllomonas dendrorhous has been researched due to its abilities to assimilate different sources as substrates and to produce high amounts of carotenoids. Furthermore, alternative sources have been used as the culture medium to reduce costs and environmental impact. A potent carotenoid is astaxanthin in view of its health-promoting and antioxidative properties. It consists of different geometrical isomers with trans and cis configuration. In X. dendrorhous this carotenoid is mostly found in the trans form, but cis isomers can also be found. Carotenoid production was investigated in culture medium containing by-products such as raw glycerol (from biodiesel) and parboiled rice effluent. The effects of the culture medium components on biomass concentration and specific and volumetric productions of carotenoids were verified by the Plackett-Burman design. Cultivations were carried out with yeast Xanthophyllomonas dendrorhous NRRL Y-17268 at 25 °C and 150 rpm for 168 h. In this study, maximum production of carotenoids was obtained under the following conditions (in g/L): raw glycerol 10, glucose 10, yeast extract 10, malt extract 10 and peptone 1 at pH=6. Resulting specific and volumetric productions of carotenoids were 326.8 and 4.1 μg/g, respectively.Sve veća potražnja za organskom hranom potaknula je razvoj biotehnološke proizvodnje karotenoida. Stoga je ispitana mogućnost proizvodnje velike količine karotenoida iz različitih supstrata pomoću kvasca Xanthophyllomonas dendrorhous. Osim toga, upotrijebljeni su alternativni izvori hranjivih tvari za rast kvasca, s ciljem smanjenja troškova proizvodnje i negativnog utjecaja na okoliš. Astaksantin je karotenoid koji ima snažan pozitivni učinak na zdravlje zbog svojih antioksidativnih svojstava, a javlja se u različitim oblicima cis- i trans-izomera. U kvascu X. dendrorhous prisutan je uglavnom u trans-obliku, ali može se pronaći i u obliku cis-izomera. Ispitana je mogućnost proizvodnje karotenoida na podlozi koja sadržava nusprodukte, kao što su otpadni glicerol nastao pri proizvodnji biodizela i otpad dobiven pri proizvodnji parene riže. Pomoću Plackett-Burmanovog dizajna potvrđeno je da sastav podloge utječe na dobivenu koncentraciju biomase te specifičnu i volumetrijsku proizvodnju karotenoida. Za proizvodnju karotenoida upotrijebljen je soj kvasca Xanthophyllomonas dendrorhous NRRL Y-17268 pri temperaturi od 25 °C i brzini vrtnje od 150 rpm tijekom 168 h. Najveći je prinos karotenoida postignut uzgojem kvasca u podlozi sljedećeg sastava: otpadni glicerol 10 g/L, glukoza 10 g/L, ekstrakt kvasca 10 g/L, ekstrakt slada 10 g/L i pepton 1 g/L, pri pH=6. Pritom je specifična proizvodnja karotenoida bila 326,8 μg/g, a volumetrijska 4,1 μg/g

Nonagenarians in Hyperpolypharmacy: relationship between the level of drug interactions and sociodemographic, clinical, and functional characteristics

Aim: This research aimed to study the association of drug interactions and sociodemographic, clinical, and functional characteristics in nonagenarians in hyperpolypharmacy. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of an evaluation performed by the Multiprofessional Care for the Oldest-old Project in 2016, with participants identified in hyperpolypharmacy. Results: Results revealed that 69% of 29 participants had at least one major drug interaction, 41% had 10 or more moderate interactions, and 59% had minor interactions. The study revealed significant relationships for major drug interactions with the characteristics of recurrent urinary tract infections, anxiety, and palpitations. The study found near significance for white colour, not good general health and appetite, depression, and impaired cognition. For moderate drug interaction, findings showed a relationship near significance for females, perception of not good general health and appetite, hypertension, diabetes, urinary infection, depression scale change, agitation, pain, fatigue, and a fear of falling.  For minor drug interactions, the study revealed significant findings for an association with depression, and apathy or sleepiness.  There were findings near significance for an association with white colour, diabetes, agitation, pain, fatigue, and cough.  Conclusion: Drug interactions are highly prevalent among nonagenarians in hyperpolypharmacy, with clinical and quality of life impact. Thus, they must be constantly evaluated for the presence of drug interactions at all levels of care, whether in primary care or in specialized care. A study with larger sample size and longitudinal contour is proposed to prove the importance of our observations

Atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana apresentada por hidrolisados enzimáticos obtidos de subprodutos da corvina (Micropogonias furnieri)

A corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) é a principal espécie processada pelas indústrias de Rio Grande, na Região sul do Brasil. Desse processamento é descartado e ou subutilizada grande quantidade de subprodutos (carcaça, pele, vísceras), se tornando necessário encontrar meios de aproveitamento dessa matéria, uma vez que estes subprodutos apresentam uma quantidade valiosa de proteínas. Um método eficiente para o aproveitamento destas proteínas é a hidrólise enzimática para obtenção de peptídeos bioativos. Maior atenção tem se concentrado sobre peptídeos com atividades antioxidantes devido aos radicais livres que são gerados pela oxidação, um processo vital em todos os organismos vivos, sendo que estes radicais estão relacionados com muitas doenças tais como: doenças do coração, arteriosclerose e câncer e sobre atividade antimicrobiana (PAM), devido aos PAM apresentarem uma atividade microbicida rápida e potente contra inúmeros micro-organismos. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi obter peptídeos bioativos, a partir de um processo de hidrólise enzimática, utilizando como substratos o isolado proteico obtido da carne mecanicamente separada de corvina (IP) e ossos de corvina (OC). A reação de hidólise ocorreu em banho termostatizado, utilizando três enzimas em separado: Alcalase (pH 8,0 e 50 °C), Flavourzyme (pH 7,0; 50 °C) e Protamex (pH 7,0; 40 °C). A concentração de enzima e substrato proteico foi de 1:10(U/g) segundo a atividade específica de cada uma (Alcalase 99,75 U/g, Flavourzyme 2,07 U/g e Protamex 8,41 U/g), quando o processo de hidrólise se tornou constante a reação foi interrompida pela inativação da enzima à 90°C/10 min. Foi então realizado o fracionamento dos peptídeos pelo método de ultrafiltração, nas fraçõe maiores que 3 kDa foram avaliadas as atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, sendo que a fração obtida dos OD, utilizando a enzima Protamex apresentou atividade antioxidante, onde em concentrações de 1,0 mg/mL, pode se observar uma diminuição de espécies reativas de oxigênio no interior da células de hepatócitos de Zebrafish. A fração obtida do IP utilizando a Flavourzyme e a fração obtida dos OD utilizando a Alcalase apresentaram zona de inibição para a bactéria Salmonella Enteritidis, valores estes de 48,0 mm e 54,7 mm, respectivamente, já para a bactéria Staphylococcus coagulase positiva três frações apresentaram zona de inibição, uma obtida do IP utilizando a Alcalase e duas dos OD uma utilizando a Alcalase e outra a Protamex, com zona de inibição de 37,3, 32,7 mm e 69,3 mm, respectivamente. Com esses resultados pode-se concluir que os subprodutos da corvina, podem ser uma fonte de peptídeos bioativos, a fim de avaliar a incorporação destes em alimentos funcionais.Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) is the main specie processed by Rio Grande industries in southerv Brazil. From this processing, a large amount of byproducts (carcasses, skin, offal) are discarded, making it necessary to find means to use this material. Since these byproducts have a number of valuable proteins. An efficient method for the utilization of these proteins is the enzymatic hydrolysis to obtain bioactive peptides. Increased attention has focused on antioxidant activity due to oxidation, which is a vital process in all live organisms, and its effect generates free radicals which are linked to many diseases such as heart disease, atherosclerosis, and cancer and has on antimicrobial ativicty, due since these have a rapid and powerful microbicidal activity against numerous micro-organisms. Thus the aim of this study was to obtain bioactive peptides from a process of enzymatic hydrolysis, using the protein isolate obtained from meat that is mechanically separated from croaker (PI) and croaker bones (CB) as substrates. The hydrolysis reaction occurred in a thermostated bath using three separate: Alcalase (pH 8.0, 50 °C), Flavourzyme (pH 7.0, 50 °C) and Protamex (pH 7.0, 40 °C), the enzyme concentration and protein substrate was 1:10 (U/g) according to each specific activity (Alcalase 99.75 U/g, Flavourzyme 2.07 U/g and Protamex 8.41 U/g) and when the hydrolysis process became constant, the reaction was stopped by inactivating the enzyme at 90 °C/10 min. It was then held fractionation of peptides by ultrafiltration method, the 3 kDa larger than fraçõe antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated, and the fraction obtained from the OD Protamex using the enzyme showed antioxidant activity, and at concentrations of 1.0 mg / mL, can observe a reduction of reactive oxygen species inside the cells of zebrafish hepatocytes. The fraction obtained using the IP Flavourzyme and the fraction of OD obtained using Alcalase showed zone of inhibition for Salmonella Enteritidis, values of 48.0 mm and 54.7 mm, respectively, while for the bacteria Staphylococcus coagulase positive three fractions exhibited zone of inhibition obtained from one IP using Alcalase one and two of OD using Alcalase and another Protamex with inhibition zone 37.3, 32.7 mm and 69.3 mm, respectively. With these results it can be concluded that the products of croaker, can be a source of bioactive peptides to assess their incorporation into functional foods

Funcionalidade de hidrolisados proteicos de cabrinha (Prionotus punctatus) obtidos a partir de diferentes proteases microbianas

The objective of this work was to study the influence of enzymes Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Novozym in the functional properties of hydrolysates of Bluewing searobin (Prionotus punctatus) minced. The hydrolysates of Bluewing searobin were evaluated for the chemical composition and the functional properties. The Novozym enzyme presented greater specific activity differing significantly from the enzymes Alcalase and Flavourzyme. The hydrolysates of Bluewing searobin presented protein content above of 87% and excellent solubility, capacity of water retention, capacity of oil retention and emulsifying capacity

Raw Glycerol and Parboiled Rice Effluent for Carotenoid Production: Effect of the Composition of Culture Medium and Initial pH

Search for naturally grown food has stimulated the biotechnological production of carotenoids. Therefore, the use of the yeast Xanthophyllomonas dendrorhous has been researched due to its abilities to assimilate different sources as substrates and to produce high amounts of carotenoids. Furthermore, alternative sources have been used as the culture medium to reduce costs and environmental impact. A potent carotenoid is astaxanthin in view of its health-promoting and antioxidative properties. It consists of different geometrical isomers with trans and cis configuration. In X. dendrorhous this carotenoid is mostly found in the trans form, but cis isomers can also be found. Carotenoid production was investigated in culture medium containing by-products such as raw glycerol (from biodiesel) and parboiled rice effluent. The effects of the culture medium components on biomass concentration and specific and volumetric productions of carotenoids were verified by the Plackett-Burman design. Cultivations were carried out with yeast Xanthophyllomonas dendrorhous NRRL Y-17268 at 25 °C and 150 rpm for 168 h. In this study, maximum production of carotenoids was obtained under the following conditions (in g/L): raw glycerol 10, glucose 10, yeast extract 10, malt extract 10 and peptone 1 at pH=6. Resulting specific and volumetric productions of carotenoids were 326.8 and 4.1 μg/g, respectively

Peptides obtained from proteins of cobia (Rachycentron canadum): a study of potentially safe antioxidants for food

The fish and its by-products from industrial processing are a rich source of protein. For this reason, cobia (Rachycentron canadum), a large and easily adaptable to aquaculture species has emerged as an option for obtaining peptides. Enzymatic proteolysis is able to release inactive biopeptides ? which may have greater activity when separated into their peptide fractions ? from intact proteins. However, as they can be applied in food, they should be evaluated for any possible harm to health. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of the protein hydrolysates of cobia (muscle and waste), obtained by the action of Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Protamex enzymes (whole and their fractions less and major than 3 kDa) to inhibit the oxidation of meat food and ensure their food security. The hydrolysates studied in this work demonstrated antioxidant activity through chemical methods in vitro. All hydrolysates and their fractions were not cytotoxic to zebrafish (Danio rerio) hepatocytes at the concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 g/mL at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. By etermining the 25 inhibition of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in bacon and ground beef it was found that the majority of the hydrolysates presented this capacity, highlighting the peptide fractions major than 3 kDa of muscle hydrolysates which reduced by around 50% the TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) content formed in the ground beef, and by more than 80% in bacon, probably because the bacon has a higher content of lipid. The enzyme Protamex provided hydrolyzed with more antioxidant activity. Therefore, these results indicate that the hydrolysates studied have the potential to be safe physicochemically, not cytotoxic, used in foods as antioxidants.Fil: Dos Santos Da Fonseca, Renata Aline. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Silva, Carolina Moroni. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Fernandes da Rosa, Giordan. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Prentice Hernández, Carlos. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasi

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora