Beneficiaries, Mercenaries, Missionaries and Revolutionaries:

Summary This article critically examines the involvement of NGOs in World Bank?supported development projects. It attempts to ‘unpack’ NGO involvement in Bank projects by shedding light on the variety of motivations that NGOs may have for working with the Bank and vice versa. The article identifies four distinct forms of NGO involvement, based on the primary purpose of that involvement. It shows how each of these forms ? NGOs behaving as ‘beneficiaries’, ‘mercenaries’, ‘missionaries’ or ‘revolutionaries’ ? brings with it a distinct set of potential benefits and challenges. The article concludes that it is important both for the Bank and NGOs to be explicit about why , in any given situation, they are choosing to work together and what they expect from the collaboration. This is essential: (i) as a first step towards negotiating working relationships that are more productive and (ii) to avoid creating unrealistic expectations (and subsequent disillusionment) regarding NGO ‘partnership’ in Bank operations

Investigación sobre el acceso a la vivienda en el medio rural palentino

Esta investigación pone el foco en el medio rural palentino y valora como uno de sus principales factores de despoblación la problemática existente para el acceso a la vivienda en el medio rural. Analiza desde una perspectiva social, el proceso de migración de los pueblos a las urbes, el impacto que ha tenido en los actuales municipios rurales, y cómo la inexistencia de una oferta de viviendas en buena calidad para la emancipación de los jóvenes y atracción de los nuevos pobladores puede estar agravando el abandono del medio rural. Para abordar el tema, se observa la situación de la vivienda en una parte del medio rural palentino a través de una inmobiliaria, y se analiza el alcance de dos proyectos que ofrecen alternativas en el acceso a la vivienda y pretenden paliar la despoblación en los municipios palentinos. Esta investigación se desarrolla con una metodología cualitativa, a través de 9 entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas que habitan en el medio rural palentino. En el análisis de los datos, llevado a cabo mediante procesos de codificación y categorización, se han identificado cuatro ejes principales que son: la situación del medio rural, el arraigo rural, las viviendas rurales y las políticas de promoción de la vivienda. A partir de estos datos, se han obtenido unos resultados donde se muestra que el acceso a la vivienda en el medio rural está marcado por la venta de viviendas antiguas e inaccesibles, así como por la especulación con el precio de estas. Pero se ha podido observar que las alternativas para la mejora de esta situación sí existen, y vienen de mano de políticas de promoción de la vivienda.This research is focused on Palencia´s rural environment and points how one of the main reasons of depopulation is the housing problem in the rural area. It analyzes from a social point of view, the procedure of migration from villages to cities and also the impact that it has caused in the actual rural area. It also reflects as there is no offer of living places in good conditions for young people to emancipate and to attract new ones to these places, this could all be worsening the situation of leaving the rural environment. To address the issue, it´s observed that the matter of housing in part of the Palencia’s rural environmental 2 through a real state agency and it´s been analyzed where two different projects can reach, these two offer alternatives when it comes to the access of getting a house and also, they pretend to mitigate the depopulation in Palencia´s municipalities. This investigation it´s done with a qualitative methodology, using 9 interviews which had been done to people who live at the rural area in Palencia. In the data analysis, made out of a process of codification and categorization, it has been identified four main cornerstones which are: the situation of the rural environment, the rural support, the rural houses and the housing promotion politics. Based upon this data, the results show that the access for a living at the rural area is shaped by the selling of the old and prohibitive properties, also by the speculation with the price of them. However, we were able to identify some alternatives for improving the situation, and they come with politics of encouragement for the living.Grado en Educación Socia

RECUERDO, MEMORIA Y FEMINISMO EN LA NOVELA EL EXILIO DEL TIEMPO DE ANA TERESA TORRES * LEMBRANÇA, MEMÓRIA E FEMINISMO NA NOVELA O EXÍLIO DO TEMPO DE ANA TERESA TORRES

El presente artículo postula como eje transversal de toda disertación y reflexión mostrar cómo la novela El exilio del tiempo, de la venezolana Ana Teresa Torres, presenta como tema central lo cotidiano, el recuerdo, la añoranza y la memoria de una saga familiar donde las voces enunciativas son las mujeres, quienes conducen todo el relato desde la intimidad de la casa. Así, las situaciones cotidianas vividas por las mujeres de la novela cobran fuerza y se erigen como aspectos poéticos con un profundo valor estético. Dejamos claro que, en la novela la voz masculina de un abuelo, que se presenta por medio de un diario y que narra aspectos de la historia oficial de Venezuela, se apaga para darle paso a las voces femeninas que narran una intrahistoria familiar, donde solo importa la evolución mental de las mujeres de la familia, sus cambios de conductas, sus nuevas maneras de pensar y actuar frente a una sociedad totalmente machista del siglo XX.*O presente artigo postula como eixo transversal de toda a dissertação e reflexão mostrar como a novela O exílio do tempo, da venezuelana Ana Teresa Torres, apresenta o tema da lembrança e da memória de uma saga familiar onde as vozes enunciativas são as mulheres. Elas conduzem toda a história da privacidade da casa. Assim, as situações cotidianas vividas pelas mulheres do romance ganham força e são erigidas como aspectos poéticos com um profundo valor estético. Deixamos claro que, no romance, a voz masculina do avô, que é apresentada através de um diário e narra aspectos da história oficial da Venezuela, é desligada para dar lugar a vozes femininas que narram uma intra-história familiar, onde só importa a evolução mental das mulheres na família, suas mudanças de comportamento, suas novas formas de pensar e agir diante de uma sociedade totalmente machista do século XX. A metodologia utilizada foi a hermenêutica como a maneira mais rápida de análise interpretativa

A colorimetric assay using tetrazolium salts with an electron mediator to evaluate yeast growth in opaque dispersed systems

Background: traditional microbiological enumeration techniques such as colony count are time consuming. Visual evaluation of turbidity growth lacks objectivity and precision. On the other hand, the accuracy of the spectrophotometric readings can be limited by media opacity and/or additives. In this context, colorimetric methods based on tetrazolium salts are an alternative to traditional methods due to their ability to generate endpoints based on color change. The objective of this study was to develop a colorimetric assay based on two different tetrazolium salts and an electron mediator in order to replace the conventional method of viable plate count or absorbance for microbial growth detection in opaque dispersed systems. Methods: a colorimetric method to evaluate yeast growth in broth and opaque dispersed systems using two tetrazolium salts, 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC), 2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (INT) and an electron mediator, 2-methoxy-1,4-Naphthoquinone (MNQ) was developed. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentrations against Zygosaccharomyces bailii for natamycin and lemongrass essential oil were determined by the proposed method and compared with those obtained using the conventional broth microdilution and plate count methods.Results: showed that the mixture of INT/MNQ, was more effective than TTC/MNQ. In opaque structure systems, the later showed to be more sensitive than absorbance However, in broth it was as sensitivity as absorbance to detect yeast growth. Besides, the INT/MNQ reagent functioned adequately to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials in opaque structured systems. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that the proposed method functioned adequately to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials in opaque structured systems showing an excellent agreement with the plate count method and the proposed technique allowed the evaluation of yeast growth with lower population levels than the ones required through absorbance readings. Moreover, this colorimetric method is easy to perform and less time consuming.Fil: Zalazar, Aldana Lourdes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Industrias; ArgentinaFil: González, Malena Mariana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Industrias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gliemmo, María Fernanda. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Industrias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Campos, Carmen Adriana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Industrias; Argentin

Effect of the feeding system on the fatty acid composition, expression of the Δ9-desaturase, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha, Gamma, and Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 genes in the semitendinous muscle of light lambs of the Rasa Aragonesa breed

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are receiving increasing attention because of their beneficial effects on human health, with milk and meat products derived from ruminants as important sources of CLA in the human diet. <it>SCD </it>gene is responsible for some of the variation in CLA concentration in adipose tissues, and <it>PPARγ</it>, <it>PPARα </it>and <it>SREBP1 </it>genes are regulator of <it>SCD </it>gene. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the feeding system on fatty acid composition, CLA content and relative gene expression of Δ⁹-desaturase (<it>SCD</it>), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (<it>PPARγ</it>), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha, <it>(PPARα) </it>and Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein <it>(SREBP1) </it>in Rasa Aragonesa light lambs in semitendinous muscle. Forty-four single-born male lambs were used to evaluate the effect of the feeding system, varying on an intensity gradient according to the use of concentrates: 1. grazing alfalfa, 2. grazing alfalfa with a supplement for lambs, 3. indoor lambs with grazing ewes and 4. drylot.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Both grazing systems resulted in a higher concentration of vaccenic acid (VA), CLA, CLA/VA acid ratio, and a lower oleic content, oleic acid (C18:1)/stearic acid (C18:0) ratio, PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio and <it>SCD </it>expression compared to other diets. In addition feeding system affected the fatty acid composition and <it>SCD </it>expression, possibly due to CLA concentration or the PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio. Both expression of the <it>SCD </it>gene and the feeding system were important factors affecting CLA concentration in the animal's semitendinous muscle. <it>PPARγ, PPARα </it>and <it>SREBP1 </it>expression seemed to be unaffected by the feeding system. Although no significant results were found, <it>PPARγ, PPARα </it>and <it>SREBP1 </it>showed similar expression pattern as <it>SCD</it>. Moreover, the correlation results between <it>SCD </it>expression and <it>PPARγ </it>(p < 0.01), as well as <it>SREBP1 </it>(p < 0.01) expression, may suggest that these genes were affecting <it>SCD </it>expression in a different way.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The data indicated that the feeding system is the main factor affecting the fatty acid composition and <it>SCD </it>gene expression, which is also affected by CLA and possibly by n-6/n-3 PUFAs.</p

La gestión del docente desde la ciencia y la tecnología: el teletrabajo en la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras

Cuba vive un escenario crucial en el enfrentamiento a la nueva pandemia de la COVID-19 y se ha tenido que recurrir a la variante del teletrabajo, una manera inteligente y viable de utilizar los conocimientos y competencias técnicas de los trabajadores que laboran desde sus hogares y continúan estableciendo una relación con su institución. La relación individuo-conocimiento puede hacerse más fuerte con el apoyo de la tecnología. El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamentar la importancia del teletrabajo como parte de la gestión del docente desde la Ciencia y la Tecnología para el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas y la formación integral del estudiante en la enseñanza del español como segunda lengua. Para la investigación se utilizaron métodos propios de la metodología cualitativa (histórico- lógico, analítico-sintético, inducción-deducción, estudio documental). Se ha constatado una gran motivación en los estudiantes, incluso los más inhibidos, al utilizar herramientas digitales como WhatsApp y el chat de voz para el desarrollo de sus habilidades comunicativas a través de la participación en concursos virtuales y poder de esta forma, extender el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje más allá del aula. Esta interacción ha permitido establecer un estrecho vínculo profesor-estudiante, estudiante-estudiante y la adquisición de una competencia digital

Description of Main Innovative and Alternative Methodologies for Mathematical Learning of Written Algorithms in Primary Education

The traditional way of teaching mathematics generates significant learning difficulties in students that are reflected in their academic performance. In recent years, the number of teachers and researchers interested in finding innovative, flexible and comprehensible methodologies has increased. The main objective of this article has been to carry out a theoretical review of the methodologies for learning/teaching mathematics at school level. Central elements of international and national method initiatives have been highlighted. The empirical evidence on the Singapore method and the Algorithm Based on Numbers (ABN) method confirms the need to include innovative and manipulative strategies in the classroom. The Singapore method has been shown as a source that improves students ' problem solving skill, mathematical competence, boosting reasoning, and a higher motivation. Some studies focused on the effectiveness of the ABN method and its influence on mathematical cognition. The use of this methodology and learning in flipped classroom have obtained significant results in teacher training. These results could provide guidance about how to improve pre-service education in Primary Bachelor's Degree. The findings presented in the manuscript could be a basis for opening new lines of quantitative research, with the aim of analysing problem solving and the use of manipulative materials in mathematics. Thus, future research should focus on analysing the cognitive processes involved in mathematical learning, carrying out empirical studies in schools. In addition, it is necessary to improve future teachers' training, so that they can learn about new alternatives for mathematical teaching and the available resources to be able to put it into practice. Moreover, alternative methodologies are a necessary driver for the improvement of mathematical performance both inside and outside the classroom, and also for the technological and economic development of countries

La extensión como una herramienta de permanencia y cambios educativos en la Universidad

En este trabajo contamos la experiencia como estudiantes y futuros docentes de ciencias naturales y exactas en la participación del proyecto de extensión “Naturalmente Ciencia, un paso hacia la cultura científica” (Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación - Universidad Nacional de La Plata). En el transcurso de dicho proyecto diseñamos y realizamos diferentes actividades, tales como talleres, clases y stands en distintos escenarios y con diversidad de destinatarios: niños, adultos, adolescentes, familias y grupos escolares. En las siguientes páginas compartimos reflexiones de lo que ha significado el proyecto de extensión como complemento de nuestra formación docente, como herramienta de permanencia o de redescubrimiento de vocaciones.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació