Presencia, distribución y niveles de contaminación de plomo en los sedimentos superficiales de la Ría de Ferrol (NO de España)

12 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables.[EN] This article discuss, using sediment samples from the Ria of Ferrol, the need for a better understanding of the biogeochemical cycle of lead in the Galician rias which, until now, was based on differing methodologies mainly applied to the biota in only few areas of the most important rias from a socio-economic point of view. Thirty-five samples of superficial sediment were analysed for lead (in the < 63 µm and total fractions) and opal percentage and organic carbon in the total. An analytical method is proposed employing ETAAS, whereby the sediment is introduced directly as a slurry together with the optimised amount of chemical modifiers. The accuracy of the method was checked by means of a certified reference material, obtaining a sensitivity of 2.72 µg g(-1) Pb with an RSD of 5.9%. Values of lead in the superficial sediment of the Ria of Ferrol ranged from 13.5 to 159.1 µg g(-1) for the fraction < 63 µm, and from 12.1 to 142.5 µg g(-1) for the total fraction. The distribution does not follow a decreasing trend from the innermost part of the ria, as may have been expected, but rather the maximum values were found in the vicinity of the harbour area in the middle ria, indicating that rias behave as a lead deposition barrier avoiding the export of the metal to the open sea. Lead dispersion is mainly controlled by the tidal currents, given its lowest concentrations in the zones of strongest current, and also by the plankton, following the relationship obtained [Pb] = 48 [opal] + 16. A baseline lead concentration of 18.2 µg g(-1) was obtained for the fraction < 63 µm using core samples dated at 3745 ± 70 years before present. Applying this background values, the lead enrichment in the Ria of Ferrol is classified from moderate to considerable.[ES] El artículo aborda, a partir del sedimento de la Ría de Ferrol, la necesidad de un mayor conocimiento del ciclo biogeoquímico del plomo en las rías gallegas, basado hasta este momento en metodologías dispares aplicadas primordialmente a la biota en zonas puntuales de las rías más importantes socioeconómicamente. Se partió de 35 muestras de sedimento superficial, en cuya fracción total se analizaron la concentración de plomo, los porcentajes de ópalo y el carbono orgánico, mientras que en la fracción < 63 µm sólo se midió el plomo. Para estas muestras se propuso un procedimiento analítico basado en la espectrometría de absorción atómica con atomización en cámara de grafito, donde el sedimento en forma de suspensión se introdujo directamente junto con la cantidad optimizada de modificadores químicos. La exactitud del método se verificó mediante el uso de un material de referencia, obteniéndose una sensibilidad de 2.72 µg g(-1) de Pb y una precisión de RSD 5.9 %. Los valores medidos para el plomo en el sedimento superficial de la Ría de Ferrol se encontraron entre 13.5 y 159.1 µg g(-1) para la fracción menor de 63 µm y de 12.1 a 142.5 µg g(-1) para la total. La distribución no sigue en patrón decreciente desde el fondo de la ría, como era de esperar, sino que tiene su máximo en el área portuaria situada en la parte media de la ría, indicando que las rías deben actúar como una barrera de deposición de plomo. En la dispersión de este metal intervienen principalmente la marea, dada su menor concentración en zonas de mayor corriente, y el plancton, por la relación: [Pb] = 48 [ópalo] + 16. Se ha cuantificado un valor de fondo de 18.2 µg g(-1) de Pb para la fracción sedimentaria < 63 µm con muestras fechadas con 3745 ± 70 años de antigüedad. Aplicando éste, los factores de enriqueciminento para la Ría de Ferrol permiten clasificar su contaminación por plomo entre moderada y considerable.This paper is a contibution to thr project "Biogeochemical processes in the Ría of Ferrol: origin of its fertilization by nutrients and spatial and historical variation of metals sediment" (ref. 1FD97-0479-C03-02) financied by FEDER-CYCIT.Peer reviewe

Efeitos de um programa psicoeducativo no controle da dor crônica

OBJETIVOS: evaluar el impacto de un Programa psicoeducativo de ocho semanas en la intensidad del dolor, incapacidad y síntomas depresivos de pacientes con dolor crónico. MÉTODO: 79 pacientes con dolor crónico de diferentes etiologías compusieron la muestra. Los participantes fueron evaluados antes y al final del Programa y seis meses después. El Programa fue desarrollado por una enfermera, utilizó estrategias cognoscitivo-comportamentales y fue aplicado por un equipo multidisciplinar. La prueba no paramétrico de Wilcoxon fue utilizado para comparar medidas repetidas. RESULTADOS: la mayoría de los participantes eran del sexo femenino (91%), con edad media de 53 años, escolaridad media de 9,5 años y duración media del dolor de 9,9 años. Al final del Programa se observó reducción significativa en la intensidad del dolor (pOBJETIVOS: avaliar o impacto de um programa programa psicoeducativo de oito semanas na intensidade da dor, incapacidade e sintomas depressivos de pacientes com dor crônica. MÉTODO: 79 setenta e nove pacientes com dor crônica de diferentes etiologias compuseram a amostra. Os participantes foram avaliados antes e ao final do pPrograma e seis meses após. O pPrograma foi desenvolvido por uma enfermeira, utilizou utilizaram-se estratégias cognitivo-comportamentais, e foi aplicadaso por equipe multidisciplinar. O teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para comparar medidas repetidas. RESULTADOS: as maioria doas participantes eram do sexo feminino (91%), com idade média de 53 anos, escolaridade média de 9,5 anos e duração média da dor de 9,9 anos. Ao final do Programa, se observou-se redução significativa na intensidade da dor (pAIMS: to evaluate the impact of an eight-week psychoeducational program focused on pain intensity, disability and depressive symptoms of patients with chronic pain. METHOD: 79 patients with chronic pain of different etiologies composed the sample. Patients were assessed before, at the end of the intervention and six months after the intervention. The program was developed by a nurse using cognitive-behavioral strategies and was conducted by a multidisciplinary team. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare repeated measures. RESULTS: the participants' mean age was 53 years old, most were female (91%), with an average of 9.5 years of schooling and an average pain duration of 9.9 years. Significant reduction in pain intensity (

Effects of a psychoeducational program for chronic pain management

AIMS: to evaluate the impact of an eight-week psychoeducational program focused on pain intensity, disability and depressive symptoms of patients with chronic pain. METHOD: 79 patients with chronic pain of different etiologies composed the sample. Patients were assessed before, at the end of the intervention and six months after the intervention. The program was developed by a nurse using cognitive-behavioral strategies and was conducted by a multidisciplinary team. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare repeated measures. RESULTS: the participants' mean age was 53 years old, most were female (91%), with an average of 9.5 years of schooling and an average pain duration of 9.9 years. Significant reduction in pain intensity (p<0.001), disability (p<0.001) and depressive symptoms (p<0.001) was found at the end of the program. CONCLUSIONS: the psychoeducational program was effective in reducing pain intensity, reducing disability and in controlling depressive symptoms in this sample

Effects Of A Psychoeducational Program For Chronic Pain Management.

to evaluate the impact of an eight-week psychoeducational program focused on pain intensity, disability and depressive symptoms of patients with chronic pain. 79 patients with chronic pain of different etiologies composed the sample. Patients were assessed before, at the end of the intervention and six months after the intervention. The program was developed by a nurse using cognitive-behavioral strategies and was conducted by a multidisciplinary team. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare repeated measures. the participants' mean age was 53 years old, most were female (91%), with an average of 9.5 years of schooling and an average pain duration of 9.9 years. Significant reduction in pain intensity (p<0.001), disability (p<0.001) and depressive symptoms (p<0.001) was found at the end of the program. the psychoeducational program was effective in reducing pain intensity, reducing disability and in controlling depressive symptoms in this sample.20896-90

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) estimated by skin autofluorescence are related with cardiovascular risk in renal transplant.

BACKGROUND:Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation, a measure of cumulative metabolic stress, constitute a novel pathogenic mechanism involved in aging, diabetes, cardiovascular (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite removal of uremic toxins and AGEs after a successful renal transplant (RT), CVD remains the leading cause of mortality. We hypothesized that AGEs measurement by Skin Autofluorescence (SAF) might be useful even after a successful RT and thus reflect the high cardiovascular risk burden of these patients. METHODS:189 stable RT (61% men, aged 56±13.0 years), CKD stages 1-4 and >12 months since RT were enrolled. Variables collected comprised comorbid history, medication use, smoking habit, routine biochemistry, subclinical atheromatosis by ankle-brachial-index (ABI) and allograft resistivity index (RI), 24-h ABPM, anthropometry and handgrip strength. AGEs were measured by SAF and expressed in arbitrary units (AU). Vascular age was estimated by Koetsier´s formula (SAF-0.83/0.024) and expected 10-years cardiovascular death risk was calculated with the REGICOR score. RESULTS:Mean SAF was 3.00±0.83 AU and estimated vascular age 90±34.7 years (30 years above biological age). SAF was higher among men (3.10±0.91 vs 2.81±0.66), diabetic nephropathy (3.49±0.75 vs 2.96±0.83) and steroid users (3.14±0.86 vs 2.71±0.69). We observed a positive correlation of SAF with night-systolic blood pressure (r = 0.25, p = 0.001), parathormone (r = 0.20, p<0.01), phosphate (r = 0.28, p<0.001) and negative with hemoglobin (r = -0.29, p<0.001), CKD-EPI (r = -0.32, p<0.001), albumin (r = -0.17, p<0.05), and dynamometry (r = -0.20, p<0.01). Subclinical vascular atheromatosis (ABI and RI) as well as the REGICOR scale (r = 0.35 p<0.001) were also correlated with SAF. In multivariable analysis age, gender, steroid use, serum phosphate and handgrip strength remained independently associated with SAF. CONCLUSIONS:SAF levels are elevated in RT patients and correlate with CVD risk. Besides age and male sex, our results suggest that phosphate overload, steroid use and nutritional status are important factors linking to AGEs accumulation