Energy-Momentum Distribution: Some Examples

In this paper, we elaborate the problem of energy-momentum in General Relativity with the help of some well-known solutions. In this connection, we use the prescriptions of Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Papapetrou and M\"{o}ller to compute the energy-momentum densities for four exact solutions of the Einstein field equations. We take the gravitational waves, special class of Ferrari-Ibanez degenerate solution, Senovilla-Vera dust solution and Wainwright-Marshman solution. It turns out that these prescriptions do provide consistent results for special class of Ferrari-Ibanez degenerate solution and Wainwright-Marshman solution but inconsistent results for gravitational waves and Senovilla-Vera dust solution.Comment: 20 pages, accepted for publication in Int. J. Mod. Phys.

Causes of avoidable mortality through effective healthcare services : a review of the literature

Foram revisados os principais artigos que discutem conceitualmente ou empiricamente as listas de causas de morte evitáveis (CME) por ações efetivas dos serviços de saúde, publicados entre 1975 e 2004. O objetivo foi rever o conceito, a idade limite a ser considerada, os usos e tipos de análises e as classificações propostas para as CME. Além disso, foram revisadas as listas existentes de CME, com especial destaque à mortalidade infantil e perinatal. Identificou-se extensa publicação internacional, em contraste com escasso número de artigos nacionais. As CME podem ser definidas como aquelas que são totalmente ou parcialmente prevenidas pela efetiva ação dos serviços de saúde disponível (ou acessível) em um determinado local e momento histórico. Dessa forma, essas causas devem ser revisadas à luz da evolução do conhecimento e da tecnologia disponível para a prática da atenção à saúde. São discutidos os processos que poderiam apoiar o desenvolvimento de listas adequadas para o Brasil, incluindo definição das CME, validação e detalhamento de quesitos necessários para o aprofundamento do debate. Conclui-se que, apesar das dificuldades metodológicas, existe a necessidade de se iniciar processos para a definição das listas brasileiras de CME pela ação do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro.Theoretical and empirical articles analyzing the Causes of Avoidable Mortality (CAM) due to healthcare published between 1975 and 2004 were reviewed. The purpose was to review the concepts and age limits for these analyses, as well as the uses and types of indicators and ratings for the CAM. Additionally, CAM listings for infant and perinatal mortality were reviewed. Many international articles were found, contrasting with a very small number of Brazilian articles. CAM may be conceptualized as being totally or partially preventable by the effective healthcare measures available (or accessible) at a given time and place. Consequently, these CAM lists must be reviewed, based on the knowledge and improvements in healthcare technology. Further developments should be deployed in support of adequate Brazilian listings, including the definition of CAM, with validation and details regarding the underlying assumptions in order to encourage discussions in greater depth. In conclusion, and despite some methodological difficulties, a process should be launched to define the Brazilian CAM listings through the actions of Brazil’s National Health System

Communication and decision making in neonatal intensive care: why narrative medicine matters

Objective: This paper aims to analyse parents’ and health professionals’ discourse, regarding four main areas: (1) the experience of care; (2) communication among all stakeholders; (3) ethical issues; (4) and ethical decision-making. Methodology: The authors collected 62 narratives from health professionals and parents whose newborns have been hospitalized for at least 15 days in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). We carried out a qualitative content analysis with the support of NVivo software version 12 Pro. Results: The feelings/emotions are present in a high percentage of narratives (mostly negative ones). Parents´ learning emphasizes coping strategies. Most narratives focus on communicational aspects. Decision-making is referred to in almost half of the narratives. The ethical issues and questions mentioned are mainly related to decision-making. Conclusion: The present study emphasizes narrative relevance in the alignment of parents´ and health professionals´ perspectives to promote therapeutic relationships.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Distribution of epicenters in the Olami-Feder-Christensen model

We show that the well established Olami-Feder-Christensen (OFC) model for the dynamics of earthquakes is able to reproduce a new striking property of real earthquake data. Recently, it has been pointed out by Abe and Suzuki that the epicenters of earthquakes could be connected in order to generate a graph, with properties of a scale-free network of the Barabasi-Albert type. However, only the non conservative version of the Olami-Feder-Christensen model is able to reproduce this behavior. The conservative version, instead, behaves like a random graph. Besides indicating the robustness of the model to describe earthquake dynamics, those findings reinforce that conservative and non conservative versions of the OFC model are qualitatively different. Also, we propose a completely new dynamical mechanism that, even without an explicit rule of preferential attachment, generates a free scale network. The preferential attachment is in this case a ``by-product'' of the long term correlations associated with the self-organized critical state. The detailed study of the properties of this network can reveal new aspects of the dynamics of the OFC model, contributing to the understanding of self-organized criticality in non conserving models.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Potentials for offset approaches in selected sectors post 2020

This report develops an evaluation framework that policymakers can use to identify whether offsets can add value and uphold environmental integrity of a compliance scheme. It uses a scoring framework on factors to: (1) identify which sectors have hard-to-abate emissions that can justify demanding offsets as cost-containment measures for ambitious climate policies; and (2) identify mitigation activities that are otherwise inaccessible, fosters sustainable development, and the extent to which it enables transformative sectoral action to be eligible to supply offsets. This evaluation framework identifies the optimal conditions that make factors successful in either having sectors demand offsets, or specific mitigation activities supply offsets. Sectoral emissions that are hard-to-abate are those that are technically unavoidable due to a lack and maturity of technologies, and therefore should be allowed to have cost-containment measures - such as offsets - to avoid adverse economic ramifications such as carbon leakage. Mitigation activities that can supply offsets are those that are currently inaccessible to local actor’s due to lack of access to technology, finance or capabilities. Allowing these mitigation activities to be eligible to supply offsets allows to pilot such activities and realize mitigation outcomes outside the original scope of the compliance scheme. This report has chosen selected sectors and mitigation activities to illustrate how this framework can be applied at the global level. It recognizes that country-specific factors can change the assessment of whether the offset approach will add value and uphold environmental integrity to proposed compliance schemes of a country. The report further proposes practical steps policymakers can do to undertake an evaluation at the national level

Relevance of the repetition of normal hTSH in premature babies

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is an endocrine disease that is characterized by disturbances in thyroid function and changes in psychomotor development. High concentrations of hTSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) in the newborns blood are the first manifestation of CH, being this used for Newborn Screening (NBS) proposes. In newborns of low birth weight (<1500 g), in particular, those born prematurely (<30 weeks), is advised that NBS should be repeated, independently from the initial hTSH value, in a new sample collected two weeks after birth. Results from the revaluation of newborns whose immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid could mask CH, leading to false negative results, will be presented.N/

Le role de la pratique professionnelle/practicum dans la formation des enseignants: un regard sur les professeurs tuteurs universitaires

A universidade no Espaço Europeu de Educação Superior (EEES) assume-se como um espaço aberto e permeável a mudanças no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem, reduzindo os “conhecimentos mortos, a favor de conhecimentos vivos”, diversificando metodologias de trabalho (aulas práticas, workshops, seminários, tutorias conjuntas, e-learning, entre outras) e valorizando a relação pedagógica. A ênfase mais ou menos atribuída às Praticas/Practicum nos diferentes planos de estudo de cada universidade, a sua distribuição e organização ao longo da formação, prescrevem a cientificidade do trajeto de construção, desconstrução, co-construção e reconstrução do perfil, competências e identidade profissionais do estudante em formação. Amplia-se a função e ação do professor tutor/supervisor universitário que, sustentado num enfoque formativo competencial, assume ser mais do que um responsável pela formação integral dos estudantes integrando uma aprendizagem profissional relacionadas com o saber e o saber-fazer, mas também está implicado na aquisição e desenvolvimento de um conjunto de habilidades sociais, éticas e de valores humanos relacionados com o saber-ser e o saber-estar. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o papel dos tutores/supervisores de Práticas/Practicum nos processos de construção e desenvolvimento de competências e identidade profissional através de processos de mediação e transferência de conhecimento profissional. Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados parciais de um estudo de caso de carácter descritivo-interpretativo. Analisam-se as entrevistas (n=11) realizadas a professores universitários que em 2012-13 constituíam o corpo de tutores de Practicum dos cursos de Educação de Infância e Ensino do1º ciclo do Ensino Básico da Universidade Autónoma de Barcelona. Os resultados valorizam mais os aspetos organizacionais do que os curriculares. As preocupações com o desenvolvimento de competências conceptuais (saber) e procedimentais (saber-fazer) estão mais presentes nos discursos dos tutores/supervisores do que as competências relacionais intra e interpessoais (saber-ser, saber-estar).L'université dans l'Espace Européen de l'Enseignement Supérieur (EEES) est vue, indubitablement, comme un processus ouvert et perméable à des changements dans l'enseignement et l'apprentissage, ce qui réduit la «connaissance morte, en faveur de la connaissance vivante», la diversification des méthodes de travail (cours, ateliers, séminaires, tutorats conjoints, e-learning, etc.) et la consolidation de la relation pédagogique. L'accent plus ou moins attribué à la pratique / practicum dans les différents plans d'étude pour chaque université, sa distribution et son organisation tout au long de la formation, de prescrire le chemin de construction, de déconstruction, de co-construction et de reconstruction scientifique du profil, des compétences et de l'identité professionnel des étudiants dans la formation. S’élargit la fonction et l'action du tuteur / superviseur universitaire qui, appuyé par le modèle de formation des compétences, se révèle plutôt un responsable de l'éducation des étudiants intégrant un apprentissage professionnel en rapport avec le savoir et de savoir-faire, mais qui est aussi impliqué dans l'acquisition et dans le développement d'un ensemble de compétences sociales, éthiques et des valeurs humaines liées au savoir-être. Le objectif de cette communication est d'analyser le rôle des tuteurs / superviseurs universitaires de pratique / practicum dans les processus de construction et de développement des compétences et de l'identité professionnelle à travers les processus de médiation et de transfert de connaissances professionnelles. Nous présentons les résultats partiels d'une étude de cas de nature descriptive et interprétative. Nous analysons des entretiens (n = 11) menés auprès des professeurs d’université qui en 2012-13 constituaient le corps de tuteurs de cours d’Éducation Préscolaire et d’Éducation Primaire de l'Université Autonome de Barcelone. Les résultats soulignent davantage les aspects organisationnels du programme que les aspects pédagogiques. Les préoccupations concernant le développement des compétences conceptuelles (savoir) et procédurales (savoir-faire) sont plus présentes dans le discours des professeurs tuteurs / superviseurs que les compétences relationnelles intra et interpersonnelles (savoir-être)

Offset approaches in existing compliance mechanisms : adding value and upholding environmental integrity?

The objective of this report is to use historical analysis to identify conditions that determine when offsets add value to compliance schemes while upholding environmental integrity. The indicators of success include: increased acceptance of introducing compliance schemes; raising ambition in subsequent compliance periods; the possibility to drive emission reductions outside the compliance sectors; promoting investments in sustainable development; and avoiding perverse incentives that undermine the stringency of the compliance scheme or compliance actors’ efforts in reducing their own emissions. Through undertaking in-depth case study analyzes on the effects of offsets in the European Union, Alberta, Australia, Colombia and Japan, the report identifies common conditions that explain why offsets were successful (or not) in achieving individual indicators. The report further identifies two common conditions that can help explain when offsets achieve all five indicators of success. The first is that policymakers need to be willing to design the compliance scheme to set and maintain a strong compliance price signal that justifies the need for incorporating cost containment measures, such as offsets, to avert negative political and economic ramifications. Relatedly, the second condition requires institutions, processes and infrastructure that govern both the compliance scheme and offsets to be well developed so that they can ensure offsets uphold the principles of environmental integrity, achieve sustainable development benefits, and act as a reliable cost containment measure to high compliance prices. The findings also highlight how difficult it is to achieve both conditions, as both domestic and international political economy factors determine whether policymakers and voters are willing to introduce and maintain compliance schemes that deliver effective action on climate

A escola como "fator de proteção" para drogas: uma visão dos adolescentes e professores

This study aims to discover and describe protective factors regarding the use of drugs, according to teachers and students, aged 14 to 15 years, from a Public Secondary School in Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico. This is a descriptive and exploratory study. Data collection was carried out through semi-structure interview and non-participative observation with ten students and five teachers. Three themes resulted from data analysis: school and school's environment: the school does not provide a healthy environment; use of drugs: perceived by both the students and teachers in the institution itself; prevention programs: there are health promotion and prevention programs available at the school. According to the students' and teachers' perceptions, the school represents a risk factor.El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo conocer y describir los factores protectores en relación con el consumo de drogas, que son considerados por los profesores y alumnos entre 14 y 15 años de edad, de una escuela pública de la ciudad de Santiago de Querétaro, México. Este estudio descriptivo y exploratorio utilizó entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observación no participativa, las cuales fueron aplicadas a 10 alumnos y 5 profesores. Del análisis de los datos surgen tres temáticas: escuela y ambiente escolar: la escuela no favorece un ambiente escolar saludable; consumo de drogas: se observa que tanto los alumnos y maestros consumen drogas en la institución; programas de prevención: la escuela tiene programas de prevención y promoción a la salud, pero no alcanzan a todos los alumnos. Los resultados refieren que la escuela es un factor de riesgo según la visión de profesores y alumnos.O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer e descrever os fatores de proteção em relação ao consumo de drogas, considerado por professores e adolescentes, entre 14 e 15 anos de idade, de uma Escola Pública Secundária na cidade de Santiago de Querétaro, México. Este estudo descritivo e exploratório utilizou entrevista semi-estruturada e a observação não participativa na coleta de dados. Os sujeitos do estudo foram dez alunos, ambos os sexos, e cinco professores do sexo feminino. Os resultados foram agrupados em três temas: escola e ambiente escolar: interpretado como a escola não favorece um ambiente saudável; consumo de drogas: é percebido tanto por alunos como professores na própria instituição; programas de prevenção: a escola possui programa de prevenção, entretanto, o mesmo não atinge a todos os alunos. Na visão dos adolescentes e professores, a escola não se apresenta como Fator de Proteção, mas sim como Fator de Risco