Matrices à base de carboxyméthyl amidon pour des formulations pharmaceutiques d'agents bioactifs à administration orale

Ce projet a été dédié à la recherche et au développement de formulations pharmaceutiques pour la livraison d'agents bioactifs au niveau de l'intestin grêle/côlon. Les protéines/enzymes et les probiotiques sont très sensibles aux conditions drastiques du tractus digestif (acidité gastrique, présence des enzymes digestives) et ils perdent facilement leurs activités biologiques spécifiques. Pour maintenir ces activités, des formulations doivent être envisagées pour l'administration des agents bioactifs par voie orale. L'utilisation des dérivés macromoléculaires d'origine naturelle comme systèmes de transport et de livraison des actifs s'avère intéressante pour l'industrie pharmaceutique. Dans ce contexte, l'amidon modifié, non-réticulé (carboxyméthyl amidon, CMA) et/ou l'association CMA:Chitosane ont été proposés comme matrices (sous forme de comprimés) pour le transport et la livraison d'un vaccin sous-unitaire à base de fimbriae F4, d'un probiotique Lactobacillus rhamnosus et de deux enzymes thérapeutiques, la diamine oxydase (DAO) et la catalase, au niveau de l'intestin grêle et/ou côlon. Le maintien de l'activité spécifique de liaison des fimbriae F4 aux récepteurs est une caractéristique essentielle pour l'induction d'une réponse immunitaire mucosale au niveau de l'intestin grêle chez le porcelet. La formulation des fimbriae F4 avec le CMA a eu un effet bénéfique sur leur stabilité dans le milieu gastrique, en étant libérées sur une période de jusqu'à 5 h dans le milieu intestinal simulé. Un nouveau système (comprimé) basé sur une stabilisation physique et chimique entre le CMA (excipient carboxylé) et le chitosane (excipient avec des groupes amines) a été aussi proposé pour la livraison retardée du probiotique L. rhamnosus et de deux enzymes thérapeutiques, la DAO et la catalase, au niveau du côlon. L'association CMA:Chitosane a amélioré sensiblement les propriétés du CMA comme transporteur d'agents bioactifs, en retardant leur livraison dans le milieu intestinal simulé. Ainsi, l'augmentation du pourcentage et de la masse moléculaire du chitosane a diminué la quantité des bactéries libérées due à la formation d'un gel à la surface des comprimés. Le comportement complémentaire de ces deux polymères (CMA, compact en milieu acide et soluble dans un milieu neutre/alcalin et chitosane, soluble au pH acide et insoluble au pH alcalin/intestinal) semble moduler et améliorer réciproquement la libération des principes actifs. La matrice CMS:Chitosane a aussi assuré une bonne protection gastrique de la DAO contenue dans l'extrait végétal de germes de Lathyrus sativus («pea seedlings DAO», PSDAO), et de la catalase. Des activités enzymatiques variables de la DAO ont été trouvées dans les conditions intestinales, en fonction du temps de résidence des comprimés CMA:Chitosane dans le milieu gastrique simulé. Concernant la catalase, pour les formulations contenant des charges élevées en enzyme, des possibles associations protéine-protéine ont eu un effet marqué sur sa libération, en diminuant la libération d'enzyme. Des formulations bi-enzymatiques DAO:Catalase à base de CMA:Chitosane ont été aussi étudiées. Ainsi, les deux enzymes ont été libérées presque en même temps, et le peroxyde d'hydrogène (le produit de l'activité de la DAO) a été décomposé par la catalase. La thèse présente aussi une nouvelle méthode zymographique pour la DAO, basée sur une réaction couplée à la peroxydase immobilisée dans un gel de polyacrylamide. La stabilité de la DAO à la protéolyse a été étudiée dans les conditions qui simulent les milieux gastrique et intestinal. Après 10 h d'incubation de la PSDAO dans un milieu intestinal simulé (37 °C), une certaine stabilité de la DAO a été observée en présence de la pancréatine. Ces nouvelles formulations bio-pharmaceutiques pourraient constituer des alternatives intéressantes pour la prévention de la diarrhée post-sevrage chez le porcelet (vaccin à base des fimbriae F4) et pour la prévention ou la thérapie de différentes maladies entériques (probiotiques, DAO:Catalase). \ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : carboxyméthyl amidon, chitosane, fimbriae, probiotique, diamine oxydase, catalase, comprimés, administration orale

Zymographic assay of plant diamine oxidase on entrapped peroxidase polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A study of stability to proteolysis

A zymographic assay of diamine oxidase (DAO, histaminase, EC 1.4.3.6), based on a coupled peroxidase reaction, and its behavior at proteolysis in simulated gastric and intestinal conditions, are described. The DAO activity from a vegetal extract of Lathyrus sativus seedlings was directly determined on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoretic gels containing entrapped horseradish peroxidase, with putrescine as substrate of histaminase and ortho-phenylenediamine as co-substrate of peroxidase. The accumulation of azo-aniline, as peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation product, led to well-defined yellow-brown bands on gels, with intensities corresponding to the enzymatic activity of DAO. After image analysis of gels, a linear dependency of DAO content (Coomassie-stained protein bands) and of its enzymatic activity (zymographic bands) with the concentration of the vegetal extract was obtained. In simulated gastric conditions (pH 1.2, 37 °C), the DAO from the vegetal extract lost its enzymatic activity before 15 min of incubation, either in the presence or absence of pepsin. The protein pattern (Coomassie-stained) revealed that the DAO content from the vegetal extract was kept almost constant in the simulated intestinal fluid (containing pancreatin or not), with a slight diminution in the presence of pancreatic proteases. After 10 h of incubation at 37 °C, the DAO enzymatic activity from the vegetal extract was 44.7% in media without pancreatin and 13.6% in the presence of pancreatin, whereas the purified DAO retained only 4.65% of its initial enzymatic activity in the presence of pancreatin

Carboxymethyl starch: Chitosan monolithic matrices containing diamine oxidase and catalase for intestinal delivery

Abstract The capacity of carboxymethyl starch (CMS):Chitosan monolithic tablets to protect diamine oxidase and/or catalase therapeutic enzymes against simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and to control their delivery in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was investigated. Enzyme formulations loaded with grass pea seedlings diamine oxidase (PSDAO) vegetal extract, catalase, or PSDAO associated to catalase, were obtained by direct compression. The CMS:Chitosan (1:1) matrix afforded a good gastric protection to PSDAO and to catalase, when each enzyme was formulated separately. Variable amounts of DAO were delivered in the SIF containing pancreatin, with maximal release reached at about 8 h, a time convenient for tablets to attain the colon. Up to 50% of the initial enzymatic activity of catalase formulated with CMS:Chitosan was found after 8 h in SIF. For the CMS:Chitosan tablets of bi-enzymatic formulations containing PSDAO:Catalase, the releases of DAO and of catalase were synchronized. The hydrogen peroxide (product of DAO activity) was decomposed by the catalase liberated in the same SIF environment. The proposed formulations could allow novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, intestinal cancers or pseudo-allergic reactions

On the Dual Role of Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CEACAM1) in Human Malignancies

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a glycoprotein belonging to the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family that is expressed on a wide variety of cells and holds a complex role in inflammation through its alternate splicing and generation of various isoforms, mediating intricate mechanisms of modulation and dysregulation. Initially regarded as a tumor suppressor as its expression shows considerable downregulation within the epithelia in the early phases of many solid cancers, CEACAM1 has been linked lately to the progression of malignancy and metastatic spread as various papers point to its role in tumor progression, angiogenesis, and invasion. We reviewed the literature and discussed the various expression patterns of CEACAM1 in different types of tumors, describing its structure and general biologic functions and emphasizing the most significant findings that link this molecule to poor prognosis. The importance of understanding the role of CEACAM1 in cell transformation stands not only in this adhesion molecule’s value as a prognostic factor but also in its promising premise as a potential new molecular target that could be exploited as a specific cancer therapy

Preliminary Study on Light-Activated Antimicrobial Agents as Photocatalytic Method for Protection of Surfaces with Increased Risk of Infections

Preventing and controlling the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria implicated in healthcare-associated infections is the greatest challenge of the health systems. In recent decades, research has shown the need for passive antibacterial protection of surfaces in order to reduce the microbial load and microbial biofilm development, frequently associated with transmission of infections. The aim of the present study is to analyze the efficiency of photocatalytic antimicrobial protection methods of surfaces using the new photocatalytic paint activated by light in the visible spectrum. The new composition is characterized by a wide range of analytical methods, such as UV-VIS spectroscopy, electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity in the UV-A was compared with the one in the visible light spectrum using an internal method developed on the basis of DIN 52980: 2008-10 standard and ISO 10678—2010 standard. Migration of metal ions in the composition was tested based on SR EN1186-3: 2003 standard. The new photocatalytic antimicrobial method uses a type of photocatalytic paint that is active in the visible spectral range and generates reactive oxygen species with inhibitory effect against all tested microbial strains

Smart Cities via Data Aggregation

Cities have an ever increasing wealth of sensing capabilities, recently including also internet of things (IoT) systems. However, to fully exploit such sensing capabilities with the aim of offering effective city-sensing-driven applications still presents certain obstacles. Indeed, at present, the main limitation in this respect consists of the vast majority of data sources being served on a "best effort" basis. To overcome this limitation, we propose a "resilient and adaptive IoT and social sensing platform". Resilience guarantees the accurate, timely and dependable delivery of the complete/related data required by smart-city applications, while adaptability is introduced to ensure optimal handling of the changing requirements during application provision. The associated middleware consists of two main sets of functionalities: (a) formulation of sensing requests: selection and discovery of the appropriate data sources; and (b) establishment and control of the necessary resources (e.g., smart objects, networks, computing/storage points) on the delivery path from sensing devices to the requesting applications. The middleware has the intrinsic feature of producing sensing information at a certain level of detail (geographical scope/timeliness/accuracy/completeness/ dependability) as requested by the applications in a given domain. The middleware is assessed and validated at a proof-of-concept level through innovative, dependable and real-time applications expected to be highly reproducible across different cities