THE IMPRINT of RADIAL MIGRATION on the VERTICAL STRUCTURE of GALAXY DISKS

We use numerical simulations to examine the effects of radial migration on the vertical structure of galaxy disks. The simulations follow three exponential disks of different mass but similar circular velocity, radial scalelength, and (constant) scale height. The disks develop different non-axisymmetric patterns, ranging from feeble, long-lived multiple arms to strong, rapidly evolving few-armed spirals. These fluctuations induce radial migration through secular changes in the angular momentum of disk particles, mixing the disk radially and blurring pre-existing gradients. Migration primarily affects stars with small vertical excursions, regardless of spiral pattern. This "provenance bias" largely determines the vertical structure of migrating stars: inward migrators thin down as they move in, whereas outward migrators do not thicken up but rather preserve the disk scale height at their destination. Migrators of equal birth radius thus develop a strong scale-height gradient, not by flaring out as commonly assumed, but by thinning down as they spread inward. Similar gradients have been observed for low-[α/Fe] mono-abundance populations (MAPs) in the Galaxy, but our results argue against interpreting them as a consequence of radial migration. This is because outward migration does not lead to thickening, implying that the maximum scale height of any population should reflect its value at birth. In contrast, Galactic MAPs have scale heights that increase monotonically outward, reaching values that greatly exceed those at their presumed birth radii. Given the strong vertical bias affecting migration, a proper assessment of the importance of radial migration in the Galaxy should take carefully into account the strong radial dependence of the scale heights of the various stellar populations. © 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved

Discrete Dynamic Model for The Evaluation of Performance and Components of Organizational Behavior

For an organization the study of behavioral factors such as performance, which can come to depend on human vigilance, family problems, communication, motivation and stress are independent factors. This research paper analyzes the relationships of performance factors by applying mathematical models that eliminate subjectivity in the evaluation process. To this end, we proceed with statistical studies that confirm the relationships between the components and study variables that allow us to define a model through multiple linear regression. The results confirm the existence of strong relationships between independent factors and performance, also a factor of 48.5% acceptance of the model

Both cetaceans in the Brazilian Amazon show sustained, profound population declines over two decades

<div><p>Obligate river dolphins occur only in the rivers of Asia and South America, where they are increasingly subject to damaging pressures such as habitat degradation, food competition and entanglement in fishing gear as human populations expand. The Amazon basin hosts two, very different, dolphins—the boto or Amazon river dolphin (<i>Inia geoffrensis</i>) and the smaller tucuxi (<i>Sotalia fluviatilis</i>). Both species have wide geographical ranges and were once considered to be relatively abundant. Their IUCN Red List conservation status of Data Deficient (DD), due to limited information on threats, ecology, population numbers and trends, did not initially cause alarm. However, the development of dolphin hunting to provide fish bait at around the beginning of this millennium broadly coincided with the onset of a widespread perception that numbers of both species were in decline. Consequently, the need for population trend data to inform conservation advice and measures became urgent. This paper presents a 22-year time series of standardised surveys for both dolphins within the Mamirauá Reserve, Amazonas State, Brazil. Analysis of these data show that both species are in steep decline, with their populations halving every 10 years (botos) and 9 years (tucuxis) at current rates. These results are consistent with published, independent information on survival rates of botos in this area, which demonstrated a substantial drop in annual survival, commencing at around the year 2000. Mamirauá is a protected area, and is subject to fewer environmental pressures than elsewhere in the region, so there is no reason to suspect that the decline in dolphins within the Reserve is more pronounced than outside it. If South America's freshwater cetaceans are to avoid following their Asian counterparts on the path to a perilous conservation status, effective conservation measures are required immediately. Enforcement of existing fishery laws would greatly assist in achieving this.</p></div

Efecto de la carga sobre la productividad de diferentes clases de animales en la asociación andropogon gayanus, melinis minutiflora y stylosanthes capitata

En el Centro Carimagua (ICA-CIAT) se investigaron los efectos de la disponibilidad de forraje y de la carga en praderas mejoradas sobre la productividad de diferentes clases de animales representativos de los sistemas de producción ganadera del área. Así mismo, se evaluó un sistema de pastoreo continuo donde se relacionaron las tasas de crecimiento de novillos de destete con otras clases de animales, tales como novillas de destete adultos machos para ceba y vacas viejas de descarte. E I diseño experimental fue completamente al azar. Para las estaciones de lluvias las cargas fueron 1.38, 1.85 Y 2.32 animales/ha y de 0.64, 0.85 y 1.07 para la estación seca. En la estación de lluvia I (1983), se detectó interacción significativa (P and lt; 0.05) de carga por clase de animal, con una media general de ganancia de peso de 379 q/an/día. En la estación lluviosa II (1984), el análisis de varianza presentó efecto significativo de las cargas y de las clases de animales. Las ganancias de peso tendieron a aumentar al disminuír la carga. Los machos tuvieron las mayores ganancias de peso. En la estación seca no se presentaron diferencias significativas (P and gt;0.05) ni entre carga ni entre clases de animales. Y la media general de ganancia de peso fue de 137 g/an/día.Experiments were carried out at Carimagua with the aim of investigating the effects of forage availability and stocking rate on the productivity of different classes of animal with in representative improved pasture beef production systems. In addition, a continuos grazing system was evaluated in an attemp to relate steer calf growth rates to other animal classes, such as weaned heifers, adult steers for fattening and cull cows.The experimental desings was completely randomized. The stocking rates were 1.38, 1.85 and 2.32 animals per ha and 0_64, 0.85 and 1.07 animals/ha for the wet dry seasons respectively. F or the first, a significant interaction (P and lt; 0.05) was found between stocking rate an class of animal, with an overall average of 379 g/animal/día. During the second rainy season, the average gain was 513 g/animal/ day. A significant interaction between stocking rates and animal classes was founded. Weight gains tended to increase as stocking rate decreased. Steers exhibited the heighest weight gains. During the dry season no significant differences (P and gt; 0.05) were found either between stocking rates of between animal classes; average weight gain was 137 g/animal/día for this season

Solution and Asymptotic Behavior for a Nonlocal Coupled System of Reaction-Diffusion

This paper concerns with existence, uniqueness and asymptotic behavior of the solutions for a nonlocal coupled system of reaction-diffusion. We prove the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions by the Faedo-Galerkin method and exponential decay of solutions by the classic energy method. We improve the results obtained by Chipot-Lovato and Menezes for coupled systems. A numerical scheme is presented

ON the CONSERVATION of the VERTICAL ACTION in GALACTIC DISKS

We employ high-resolution N-body simulations of isolated spiral galaxy models, from low-amplitude, multi-armed galaxies to Milky Way-like disks, to estimate the vertical action of ensembles of stars in an axisymmetrical potential. In the multi-armed galaxy the low-amplitude arms represent tiny perturbations of the potential, hence the vertical action for a set of stars is conserved, although after several orbital periods of revolution the conservation degrades significantly. For a Milky Way-like galaxy with vigorous spiral activity and the formation of a bar, our results show that the potential is far from steady, implying that the action is not a constant of motion. Furthermore, because of the presence of high-amplitude arms and the bar, considerable in-plane and vertical heating occurs that forces stars to deviate from near-circular orbits, reducing the degree at which the actions are conserved for individual stars, in agreement with previous results, but also for ensembles of stars. If confirmed, this result has several implications, including the assertion that the thick disk of our Galaxy forms by radial migration of stars, under the assumption of the conservation of the action describing the vertical motion of stars. © 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved

Dynamics of animal performance, and estimation of carbon footprint of two breeding herds grazing native neotropical savannas in eastern Colombia

The savannas of eastern Colombia located in the Orinoco river basin represent 18% of the Latin American neotropical savannas, and those areas that are tillable and closer to markets are subject to considerable anthropic pressure in the quest for intensification. Historically, and even today, beef cattle production constitutes the main land use, and much of it is subjected to extensive management. This paper describes for the first time, the use of cattle grazing experiments to assess methane (CH4) emissions from neotropical savanna-based beef breeding systems, and with the support of published research conducted next to them, estimates of the carbon (C) footprint in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-eq) for the whole system. Over 5 years and covering complete reproductive cycles, a conventional weaning (CW) herd system was compared to an early weaning (EW) herd system, that represented a modest degree of more intensive savanna management. Differences were found between the two management practices in total CH4 emissions, emission intensities [kg CH4 kg –1 calf born and kg CH4 kg –1 liveweight gain (LWG)] and emission efficiencies (kg CO2-eq kg –1 calf born and kg CH4 kg –1 LWG), that mostly associated with the different lactation lengths. When both herd systems were carried over until calves, later yearlings, reached to 25 months of age, the differences in favor of EW breeding herd system were diminished. The calculated C footprint in (CO2-eq) of both management practices was near neutral subjected to a number of assumptions and the use of limited published information on savanna C stocks and CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil, and it is posited that both herd systems were nearly in equilibrium. The available data and results show the need for further information on the neotropical savanna C stocks and C sequestration potential of soils of the Orinoco river basin. More reliable datasets regarding below-ground C inputs and CH4 and N2O emissions from soil are needed to provide a useful basal benchmark for, and approach to, future analyses of environmental impact of more intensive beef herd systems in the region