Fattening Commercial Zebu with Grazing and Low Supplementation on Small Farms.

The aim of this paper was to describe and group grazing commercial Zebu bulls, with low supplementation. Forty-four beef-producing farms from several cooperatives of credits and services were studied. Their members are private farmers from Sibanicu, Camaguey, Cuba. The farms were visited for three years,  and official records were made of each farmer for these variables: resources, animals, management, production, and economy. The main statigraph for the variables were calculated. The  average  initial weight, final weight, weight gain, and production per ha were, 202.6; 371.6; 501; and 326.2 kg, during 339.7 fattening days, respectively. The principal component  analysis (PCA) showed  a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient higher than 0.66, and a significant Bartlett  sphericity  coefficient (P < 0.01), with self-values above 1. The two groups were made using a BIETAPIC cluster analysis

Una propuesta de solución al problema de la interferencia entre redes WiFi por solapamiento de canales.

The widespread use of WiFi networks in different social settings is generating a sort of channel saturation, at the same time it causes interference among these networks. This situation generates channels overlap, making the transfer rates are reduced. This article details this situation, and is structure and applies an experiment to find a solution to the problem. It also presents the results tabulated and graphed using the free inSSIDer software.La amplia utilización de redes WiFi en los diversos escenarios sociales está generando una especie de saturación de canales, que a su vez ocasiona interferencia entre estas redes. Esta situación genera solapamiento de canales, lo que hace que las tasas de trasferencia se reduzcan. En este artículo se detalla esta situación, y se estructura y aplica un experimento para encontrarle solución al problema. También se presentan los resultados tabulados y graficados utilizando la herramienta de software libre inSSider

Respuesta productiva de vacas lactantes F1 Holstein x Gyr recibiendo ensilajes de maíz o sorgo como suplemento alimenticio en época seca

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of supply on the performance of multiparous cows during the dry season corn silage or sorghum, in addition to the pasture. Twenty-seven multiparous cows (50%Holstein-50%Gyr), during middle lactation, with 409 ± 80 kg of BW, were used, to study feed intake, body weight variation and milk production. Animals were allocated to three treatments (T1: silage corn, T2: silage sorghum and T3: control group) for 30 days. All data were arranged in completely randomized design, the means were compared using orthogonal contrasts between treatments (control group vs the complement and the second contrast between maize and sorghum), using SPSS (v. 22) program, adopting 0.05 for Type I error. Cows fed silage how strategy during milking had significant effect on milk production p <0.001 weight gain of cows p <0.001 when compared with the control group. However, no significant differences for these two variables p=0.986 and p=0.176 respectively, were evident when corn silage or sorghum was supplemented. Supplementation increased milk production and improved weight gain of cows observed response of 2.2 liters/day and weight gain of 0.82 kg/day, respectively, over the control group.El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la oferta de ensilaje de maíz o sorgo, como complemento a la pastura, sobre el desempeño productivo de vacas multíparas durante la época seca. Para el estudio de las variables consumo, ganancia media diaria y producción de leche se utilizaron 27 vacas multíparas F1 Holstein x Gyr, durante el segundo tercio de lactancia, con peso promedio inicial de 409 ± 80 kg, dispuestos en tres tratamientos (T1: ensilaje de maíz, T2: ensilaje de sorgo y T3: grupo control), durante un mes. Todos los datos fueron dispuestos en diseño completamente al azar, se compararon las medias entre tratamientos aplicando contrastes ortogonales (grupo control vs el complemento y el segundo contraste entre el maíz y el sorgo), utilizando el programa SPSS versión 22, adoptando 0,05 para el error Tipo I. Se pudo observar en este estudio que la estrategia de ofrecer un complemento alimenticio durante el ordeño, tuvo efecto significativo sobre la producción de leche p<0,001 y ganancia de peso de las vacas p<0,001 cuando comparado con el grupo control, sin embargo, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas para estas dos variables p=0,986 y p=0,176 respectivamente, cuando se suplementó ensilaje de maíz o sorgo. La suplementación aumentó la producción de leche y mejoró la ganancia de peso de las vacas, observándose respuesta de 2,2 Litros/día y ganancia de peso de 0,82 kg/día respectivamente, por encima del grupo control

Aeromonas IN CHILDREN LESS THAN 5 YEAR-OLD WITH ACUTE DIARRHEA

OBJETIVO: Determinar la importancia de Aeromonas como agente diarreogénico en niños meno- res de 5 años, así como comparar su frecuencia con la de otros enteropatógenos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Entre 1998 y 1999, se tomó 285 muestras de heces de niños con diarrea aguda, en 5 Centros Hospitalarios, las que fueron enviadas al Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión en el medio de transporte Cary Blair, para su procesamiento e identificación de Aeromonas por el método Aerokey II. RESULTADOS: Aeromonas fue la bacteria más aislada entre los enteropatógenos, sobre todo en niños menores de 2 años y en verano, y la Aeromonas caviae fue la especie más frecuente. Aeromonas fue aislada en la mayoría de los casos del agar TCBS, por lo que empleamos discos de O/129 para diferenciarla de Vibrio cholerae. Todas las Aeromonas fueron sensibles in vitro a furazolidona y neomicina. CONCLUSIONES: Aeromonas fue el prin- cipal agente etiológico de la diarrea aguda acuosa, en niños menores de 5 años.OBJECTIVE: To determine Aeromonas importance as diarrhea agent in children less than 5 year- old and compare its frequency with other enteropathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1998 and 1999 285 fecal samples were taken from children with acute diarrhea in 5 hospitals, which were then sent to Daniel A. Carrión Institute of Tropical Medicine in Cary Blairs transportation medium for processing by Aerokey II method. RESULTS: Aeromonas was the most frequent bacteria isolated among enteropathogens, mainly in children less than 2-year old and in summer, and Aeromonas caviae was the most frequent species. Aeromonas was mainly isolated in agar TCBS, employing O/129 disks to differentiate it from Vibrio cholerae. All Aeromonas were sensitive in vitro to furazolidone and neomycin. CONCLUSIONS: Aeromonas was the main etiological agent of aquous acute diarrhea in children less than 5 year-old

Evaluation of Fattening Efficiency of Grazing Bulls through Panel Data Envelop Analysis

The purpose of this paper was to assess fattening efficiency changes in grazing bulls, using panel data envelop analysis in two periods of time. The panel data were compiled by DEAP 2.1, which included the results of a 3-year period from 38 private farms (beef farms) in cooperatives of credits and services. The farms were on prairie savannahs, located on 21.4831 latitude, and -77.3174 longitude, less than 300 meters above sea level, province of Camagüey, mideastern Cuba. The output variable was total sold kg (TSKG), and the input variables were cost of Norgold (CN), fuel kg per ha (FKGXHA), fuel kg per livestock unit (FKGXLU), and unit of human labor force (UHL), which were highly correlated to the output variable. Table 2 shows that technical efficiency (TE), pure efficiency (PEC), and scale sufficiency (SEC), underwent 0.2%, 0.4, and 0.5%, respectively, by the third year of fattening. Technological change (TC) between the second and third years rose to almost 14%, and the total productivity factor (TPF) spiked as farmers became more skilled and experienced, with a 4.9% increase in comparison to the first year, and 13.7% in the second year

Intensificación simulada de la parición al inicio del período lluvioso con base forrajera mejorada. Eficiencia bioeconómica

A study simulating productive and economic responses from three calving intensification percentage levels associated with two variants of improved forage stock was validated against actual productive conditions. This study was carried out during the first six weeks form April to August on seven dairy farms with Cuban Siboney cattle breed herds affiliated to Triángulo 1 Livestook Center, Jimaguayú municipality, Camagüey province, Cuba. An ex-ante analysis was performed based on the farms annual production yield and botanical composition. Milk production per dairy cow and weaning, and total milk production were estimated by simulation. Values from these indicators nearly matched those from dairy herd potential under the studied conditions due to an increase in forage grazing followed by three intensification calving percentage levels at the beginning of the rainy season. Better productive and economic results were obtained by the steady increase in calving numbers associated with both forage stock improvement technologies. Natural protein source exhibited the best outcomes in 30 % of grazing grounds.Con el objetivo de simular las respuestas productivas y económicas de tres niveles de intensidad de parición combinados con dos variantes de mejora de la base forrajera, en las primeras seis semanas del período abril-agosto y validar las respuestas productivas y económicas simuladas con situaciones productivas reales, se seleccionaron siete vaquerías pertenecientes a la Empresa Triángulo 1 con animales Siboney de Cuba. Se estudiaron los rendimientos y la composición botánica de las áreas de la vaquería para todo el año, que permitió la ejecución de un análisis ex-ante. Los indicadores de producción de leche por unidad de ganado mayor, por lactancia y total de las unidades de producción de leche, obtenidos de la simulación, se acercaron al potencial de los rebaños en las condiciones estudiadas, como respuesta al incremento de la base forrajera en combinación con diferentes niveles de intensificación de la parición al inicio de la época lluviosa. Los resultados productivos y económicos fueron mejorando a medida que aumentó la intensificación de la parición al inicio del período lluvioso para ambas tecnologías de mejora de la base forrajera, con los mejores resultados en el banco de proteína en el 30 % del área de pastoreo

Evolutionary scenarios associated with the Pteronotus parnellii cryptic species-complex (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae).

One of the major challenges to understanding the evolution of Neotropical bats concerns our capacity to successfully scrutinize phylogenetic patterns associated with cases of cryptic species complexes. In this study Pteronotus parnellii is examined as a selected example of a known lineage of mormoopid bat that potentially contains several cryptic species. A samples of 452 individuals from 83 different localities, essentially covering its entire mainland distribution, was evaluated using two genetic markers: COI (mitochondrial) and DBY (nuclear) genes. The findings of this study strongly support the hypothesis of high genetic variability and identify at least six lineages within P. parnellii, some of which appear to be cryptic species.Peer reviewe

A detailed analysis of the Gl 486 planetary system

Context. The Gl 486 system consists of a very nearby, relatively bright, weakly active M3.5 V star at just 8 pc with a warm transiting rocky planet of about 1.3 R-circle plus and 3.0 M-circle plus. It is ideal for both transmission and emission spectroscopy and for testing interior models of telluric planets. Aims. To prepare for future studies, we aim to thoroughly characterise the planetary system with new accurate and precise data collected with state-of-the-art photometers from space and spectrometers and interferometers from the ground. Methods. We collected light curves of seven new transits observed with the CHEOPS space mission and new radial velocities obtained with MAROON-X at the 8.1 m Gemini North telescope and CARMENES at the 3.5 m Calar Alto telescope, together with previously published spectroscopic and photometric data from the two spectrographs and TESS. We also performed near-infrared interferometric observations with the CHARA Array and new photometric monitoring with a suite of smaller telescopes (AstroLAB, LCOGT, OSN, TJO). This extraordinary and rich data set was the input for our comprehensive analysis. Results. From interferometry, we measure a limb-darkened disc angular size of the star Gl 486 at theta(LDD) = 0.390 +/- 0.018 mas. Together with a corrected Gaia EDR3 parallax, we obtain a stellar radius R-* = 0.339 +/- 0.015 R-circle plus. We also measure a stellar rotation period at P-rot = 49.9 +/- 5.5 days, an upper limit to its XUV (5-920 A) flux informed by new Hubble/STIS data, and, for the first time, a variety of element abundances (Fe, Mg, Si, V, Sr, Zr, Rb) and C/O ratio. Moreover, we imposed restrictive constraints on the presence of additional components, either stellar or sub-stellar, in the system. With the input stellar parameters and the radial-velocity and transit data, we determine the radius and mass of the planet Gl 486 b at R-p = 1.343(-0.062)(+0.063) R-circle plus and M-p = 3.00(-0.12)(+0.13) M-circle plus, with relative uncertainties of the planet radius and mass of 4.7% and 4.2%, respectively. From the planet parameters and the stellar element abundances, we infer the most probable models of planet internal structure and composition, which are consistent with a relatively small metallic core with respect to the Earth, a deep silicate mantle, and a thin volatile upper layer. With all these ingredients, we outline prospects for Gl 486 b atmospheric studies, especially with forthcoming James Webb Space Telescope (Webb) observations.The David & Lucile Packard FoundationHeising-Simons FoundationGemini ObservatoryUniversity of ChicagoMax Planck SocietyConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)Spanish GovernmentEuropean Commission FICTS-2011-02 ICTS-2017-07-CAHA-4 CAHA16-CE-3978German Research Foundation (DFG) FOR2544National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1636624 AST-2034336 2108465 DGE 1746045European Research Council (ERC) 639889National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) XRP NNX16AD43GNational Science Foundation (NSF) AST 1909165Wise Observatory, Tel-Aviv University, Israel TAU2021A-015Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades and the ERDF PID2019-109522GB-C5[1:4] PID2019-107061GBC64 PID2019-110689RB-100 PGC2018-095317-B-C21 PGC2018-102108-BI00Centre of Excellence "Severo Ochoa" CEX2019-000920-SCentre of Excellence "Maria de Maeztu" CEX2019-000920-SInstituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia SEV-2017-0709Centro de Astrobiologia MDM2017-0737German Research Foundation (DFG)European Commission FOR2544 (KU 3625/2-1)Germany's Excellence Strategy to the Excellence Cluster ORIGINS EXC-2094 -390783311European Research Council (ERC)European Commission 639889Bulgarian National Science Fund through VIHREN-2021 KP-06-DB/5Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Forderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung/Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique PZ00P2_174028United Kingdom Science Technology and Facilities Council 630008203Princeton UniversityUniversidad La Laguna through the Margarita Salas Fellowship from the Spanish Ministerio de UniversidadesEU Next Generation funds UNI/551/2021Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA programme

Effect of Algarroba on Grazing Cow Behavior and Milk Production. I. Dry Season.

The effect of algarroba (Prosopis juliflora SW) arborization on grazing cow behavior and milk production was assessed. The trial was made in the rainy season, and six enclosures were used per arborization treatment (low arborization, 1-7 trees/ha; mid arborization, 12-16 trees/ha; high arborization, 20-27 trees/ha). Rational grazing was performed. The grass rested for 21-28 days, and sprinklers were used for irrigation. The animalsʼ activity time and the number of animals were registered. Milk production values were compared using ANOVA, following a randomized design with six replicas. No significant differences were observed in the morning grazing (118-203 min), but there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the afternoon, in favor of more arborization (103-125 min), whereas in lands with mid and high arborization, cows ruminated longer, with higher water consumption and milk production, and values between 11.85-13.76 kg/v/day