Las exigencias de la alta dirección en las Instituciones de Educación Superior en Colombia

Un tema de interés para la administración de las organizaciones es el diseño de la estructura funcional para que la Alta Dirección genere los marcos referenciales que orienten las instituciones. Dentro de esta área se encuentra la Alta Dirección de instituciones de educación superior. Para el caso colombiano es de notar que desde los años 90´s la educación superior en Colombia cambió, exigiendo personal calificado a la altura de los procesos, programas académicos, de calidad, competitividad, inclusivos, flexibles y siendo competitivas en el contexto nacional e internacional de la producción y economía del conocimiento del sector de las universidades más prestigiosas del mundo. El presente estudio hizo una revisión a fondo de la estructura de Alta Dirección dominante en tres Instituciones de Educación Superior IES en Colombia: la Universidad Javeriana, Uninorte y Uniminuto, para conocer el diseño organizacional y funcional que trabajan y sintetizar estos hallazgos en una propuesta de cómo debe ser la estructura organizacional Alta Dirección para las universidades colombianas. Este ejercicio busca dar respuesta a la necesidad de modernización ante las exigencias de la sociedad del conocimiento, de la era digital y a las necesidades de los estudiantes. Es claro que las formas de dirección de cada institución deben ajustarse a sus objetivos, dado que responden de manera diferencial a lo que se quiere para contar con una educación superior a la medida de los más altos estándares internacionales, mediante competitividad e innovación en la gestión Académica, Administrativa y Financiera, presentando procesos de excelencia desde cada una de las unidades o áreas para ofrecer programas glocales, interdisciplinares, flexibles, incluyentes e integrales en educación superior con alta calidad, viabilidad y sostenibilidad integral. En el desarrollo y entrega del documento se evidencia el análisis de las funciones y gestión del equipo directivo y la alta dirección de las universidades en las funciones sustantivas de Docencia, Investigación y Proyección social, pilares para competir a nivel nacional y a nivel global. En la actualidad las organizaciones en cualquier sector deben proyectarse hacia currículos internacionales, modelos de gestión en perspectiva internacional, y ofrecer saberes, conocimiento científico y programas válidos en el orden nacional y mundial. Palabras clave: Alta Dirección Académica, Administrativa y Financiera; Calidad, Viabilidad y Eficiencia en la Educación Superior en Colombia.Since the 90's higher education in Colombia has changed, demanding qualified personnel at the level of processes, academic programs, quality, competitiveness, inclusive, flexible and competitive in the national and international context of production and knowledge economy of the sector of the most prestigious universities in the world. This thesis summarizes three style of Senior Management for Higher Education Institutions in Colombia: Universidad Javeriana, Uninorte y Uniminuto, looking for answers about how universities modernize in the face of the demands of the knowledge society, the digital era and the needs of students. As we want a higher education tailored to the highest international standards, competitiveness and innovation in academic, administrative and financial management, is necessary to present processes of excellence from each of the units or areas to offer glocal, interdisciplinary, flexible, inclusive and integrals in higher education with high quality, viability and integral sustainability. In the development and delivery of the document, it is evident the integration and strengthening of the Administrative, Accounting and Economic Sciences with the Education Sciences, from the perspective of Senior Management. We analyze the functions and management of the management team and the top management of the universities in the substantive functions of Teaching, Research and Social Projection, pillars to compete nationally and globally. At present, organizations in any sector should project themselves towards international curricula, models of management in international perspective, and offer knowledge, scientific knowledge and valid programs in the national and world order. Key words: High Academic, Administrative and Financial Management; Quality, Feasibility and Efficiency in Higher Education in Colombia

Tridimensional assessment of the dental follicle dimensions of impacted mandibular third molars using cone-beam CT

The present study was performed to compare follicle dimensions of impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) with different impaction angulations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Forty-nine individuals with IMTM (24 male, 25 female) were selected. Their age range was 25-55 years. The sample was divided into three IMTM groups either vertical (n=16), mesioangular (n=18) or horizontal (n=15) position based on Winter?s classification (the angle between the longitudinal axis of the second and third molars). Follicular spaces (FS) from available CBCT imaging were measured from the midpoint of the teeth?s crown in several dimensions (mesial, distal, occlusal, apical, vestibular and lingual) in axial, sagittal and coronal planes. An ANOVA, T-student, Kruskal?Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. A comparison of the mesial FS for all groups revealed significant differences (p<0.001). Significant difference was also found for vestibular FS between the vertical and mesioangular IMTM groups (p=0.04). Buccolingual FS for all groups revealed no significant differences (p=0.074), whereas significant difference was found for the vertical and horizontal IMTM groups (p=0.02). No significant statistical differences were found for occlusal (p=0.54), apical (p=0.06), and lingual (p=0.64) FS. In this sample IMTM follicles have different dimensions according to their degree of angulation. Mesioagulated and horizontally positioned IMTMs seems to consistently have some increased FS dimensions (mesial and vestibular aspects)

Discusión sobre el espacio didáctico del laboratorio contable en la educación superior

En el campo de la contabilidad, el laboratorio contable ha ganado relevancia como un espacio para desarrollar competencias prácticas e investigativas de los estudiantes, fundamentales para su desempeño profesional. Sin embargo, es importante reflexionar sobre la naturaleza y objetivos de este laboratorio, evitando que se convierta en una práctica técnica. Este artículo se enfoca en analizar el papel del laboratorio contable y examinar su sentido en la formación de profesionales contables, así como revisar críticamente prácticas equivocadas en su implementación.  El artículo adopta un enfoque interpretativo, conceptual y reflexivo, buscando evaluar el propósito y la esencia del laboratorio contable, y proporcionar elementos conceptuales para reevaluar y mejorar su enseñanza. Se abordan temas como las diferencias desde la educación basada en competencia entre el espacio educativo de la educación tecnológica y profesional en contabilidad. Los resultados muestran las diferencias existentes en los espacios educativos de los laboratorios y talleres contables

Método de planeamiento de osteotomías alrededor de la rodilla en el plano coronal

L Las deformidades angulares de los miembros inferiores en el plano coronal son una alteración en la alineación causada por la pérdida de colinealidad de la cadera, rodilla y el tobillo, y se caracterizan por producir sobrecarga más allá de lo tolerable en cada uno de los compartimentos femorotibiales. Las osteotomías son procedimientos quirúrgicos que tratan estas deformidades, principalmente, retirando carga de un compartimento enfermo a uno más sano, dando una terapia puente antes de realizar un reemplazo articular. En las últimas décadas se han popularizado ofreciendo un manejo para los pacientes jóvenes y activos para los cuales la indicación quirúrgica no es la artroplastia. El éxito de la osteotomía depende de un adecuado planeamiento, el que inicia desde encontrar al paciente ideal y que esté dentro de las indicaciones. El uso de la radiografía panorámica, y la evaluación de las diferentes medidas que podemos obtener de esta imagen, nos lleva a identificar el origen de la deformidad, el grado de corrección que amerita para tener un balance articular adecuado y a planear dónde se debe realizar la osteotomía, incluido exactamente lo que se debe hacer en la cirugía para obtener resultados esperados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir un método preciso, reproducible y al alcance del cirujano para un adecuado planeamiento y un resultado postoperatorio exitoso

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy