Organisational trust and work engagement: The moderating role of e-mail incivility, e-mail overload and e-mail intensity

Given the growing importance of remote working and the challenges associated with it, this cross-sectional study (N = 175) aims to shed light on how organisational trust in remote work will impact employees work engagement. Therefore it is hypothesised that organisational trust specific to remote work is positively related to vigor, dedication and absorption. The results demonstrate, a positive and significant relationship between organisational trust in remote work and the three dimensions of work engagement. In addition, it was predicted that three job demands, e-mail incivility, e-mail overload and e-mail intensity will moderate the relationship between organisational trust and vigor, dedication and absorption. The job demands-resources model was used to justify this moderation concept. However, the results showed that only e-mail incivility and e-mail intensity moderate the relationship between organisational trust and absorption, such that the positive effect of organisational trust on absorption is stronger when e-mail incivility and e-mail intensity are high. Besides these findings, theoretical contributions, practical implications and further suggestions for future research will be explored.Dada a crescente importância do trabalho remoto e os desafios a ele associados, este estudo transversal (N = 175) visa esclarecer como a confiança organizacional no trabalho remoto terá impacto no engagement dos trabalhadores no trabalho. Por conseguinte, testou-se a hipótese de que a confiança organizacional no trabalho remoto esteja positivamente relacionada com o vigor, dedicação e absorção. Os resultados demonstram, uma relação positiva e significativa entre a confiança organizacional no trabalho remoto e as três dimensões do engagement no trabalho. Além disso, previa-se que três exigências do trabalho, incivilidade no email, sobrecarga do email e intensidade do email moderariam a relação entre a confiança organizacional e vigor, dedicação e absorção. O modelo das exigências de trabalho-recursos foi utilizado para justificar esta proposta de moderação. Contudo, os resultados mostraram que apenas a incivilidade e a intensidade do email moderam a relação entre a confiança organizacional e a absorção, de tal forma que o efeito positivo da confiança organizacional na absorção é mais forte quando a incivilidade e a intensidade do email são elevadas. Além destes resultados, serão exploradas contribuições teóricas, implicações práticas e outras sugestões para investigação futura

Transcription factor complex formation and chromatin remodeling by Trps1

“Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome” (TRPS) is an autosomaldominant inherited human disorder caused by mutations in the TRPS1 gene and is characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. In mice, inactivation of the homologous gene reproduces the human phenotype, revealing a role for Trps1 in regulating chondrogenesis. The Trps1 protein is a transcription factor with nine predicted zincfinger (zf) domains. Previous in vitro studies have shown that Trps1 interacts with Gli3, Hdac4 and Runx2, main transcriptional regulators of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Based on these results, we hypothesize that first the Trps1 zf domains mediate binding with further, yet unidentified, interacting partners and second Trps1 functions as an adaptor in multiprotein complexes. To specify the molecular mechanism of Trps1 function, coimmunoprecipitations (Co-IPs) were performed. While the chondrogenic regulators Mef2c, Sin3a and Sox9 did not bind to Trps1, the heat shock protein Hsp90β and the histonedeacetylase Hdac1 were found as new Trps1- interacting partners. In contrast, no interaction was observed with Hdac2, the closest homolog of Hdac1, although both Hdacs are expressed in all chondrocytes and are known to be part of the same complexes. For Trps1 and Hdac1, the interacting domains were mapped to a region encompassing the GATA- and IKAROS-zfs of Trps1 and the deacetylas e domain of Hdac1. Although this domain is present in all Hdac proteins, only Trps1- interacting Hdacs 1, 4 and 6 have sumoylation sites. The function of this sumoylation in Trps1-Hdac1 interaction has to be analysed in further experiments. As Trps1 GATA-and IKAROS-zfs mediate the interaction with Hdac1 as well as Runx2, a multiprotein complex formation appears possible. This multiprotein complex formation is supported by FRET experiments showing no direct interaction between Trps1 and Hdac1, indicating that they are connected via other proteins. To analyze complex formation around Trps1, gelfiltrations were performed on lysates of ATDC-5 chondrogenic cells. Trps1 and its interacting partners were detected in protein complexes >150 kDa. After isolating Trps1 complexes by Co-IPs, Hdac4, Hdac1 and Hsp90β were present in complexes >500 kDa. Beyond that, changes in Trps1 multiprotein complex composition during chondrogenesis were analysed in differentiated ATDC - 5 cells. Trps1 protein amount declines during this process leading to a reduction of Trps1 complexes. Hdac1 and Hsp90β still interact with Trps1 in complexes >500 kDa, while the Hdac4 protein amount was insufficient to precipitate with Trps1. The aforementioned complex sizes strongly suggest the existence of further, yet unidentified, interacting partners. The identification of these proteins will contribute to a more detailed understanding of the mechanism regulating endochondral bone formation.Bei dem „Tricho-Rhino-Phalangealen Syndrom“ (TRPS) handelt es sich um eine autosomal dominante Erkrankung, die durch craniofaziale und skelettale Missbildungen charakterisiert wird. Die genetische Ursache dieser Erkrankung liegt in verschiedenen Mutationsarten des TRPS1 Gens. Analysen Trps1defizienter Mäuse deuten auf eine Funktion von Trps1 in der Chondrogenese hin. DasTrps1Gen kodiert für ein Multizinkfinger(Zf) -Protein, welches neun Zf-Domänen beinhaltet. Diese vermitteln die Interaktionen mit den Transkriptionsfaktoren Gli3a und Runx2 sowie der Histondeacetylase Hdac4, bei denen es sich um Regulatoren der Chondrozytenproliferation und -differenzierung handelt. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Trps1 erstens über die verschiedenen Zinkfingerdomänen als Adaptorprotein für die Bindung zahlreicher Interaktionspartner dient und zweitens ein Bestandteil von Multiproteinkomplexen ist. Zur Aufklärung der Trps1-Funktion wurden Ko-Immunpräzipitationen (Ko-IPs) mit potenziellen Interaktionspartnern durchgeführt. Dabei konnte eine Interaktion zwischen Trps1 und weiteren wichtigen Regulatoren der Chondrogenese wie Mef2c, Sin3a und Sox9 nicht nachgewiesen werden. Das Hitzeschockprotein Hsp90β und die Histondeacetylase Hdac1 dagegen wurden als neue Trps1 -Interaktionspartner identifiziert. Interessanterweise interagierte Trps1 nicht mit Hdac2, obwohl dieses eine 85%igeHomologie zu Hdac1 aufweist und in vielen Prozessen mit redundanter Funktion beschrieben wurde. Mit Hilfe von Deletionskonstrukten wurden die Interaktionsdomänen für Trps1 und Hdac1 eingegrenzt. Dabei ist die Hdac1- Deacetylasedomäne für die Interaktion notwendig. Diese Domäne ist in allen Hdacs vorhanden, in den Trps1-interagierenden Hdacs 1, 4 und 6 konnten jedoch spezifische Sumoylierungsstellen identifiziert werden. Ob die Sumoylierung für die Interaktion von Bedeutung ist, muss in weiteren Experimenten untersucht werden. Für Trps1 konnten die Zf7 - 9 als interaktionsrelevanter Bereich identifiziert werden. Dieser ist für die Interaktion mit weiteren Proteinen, wie beispielsweise Runx2, einem Hauptregulator der Knochenentwicklung, verantwortlich. Da Runx2 ebenfalls mit Hdacs interagiert, wäre die Ausbildung eines gemeinsamen regulatorischen Komplexes möglich. Weitere Hinweise hierfür lieferte die Beobachtung, dass mittels FRET-Analyse keine direkte Protein-Proteininteraktion gezeigt werden konnte. Demzufolge könnten Trps1 und Hdac1 Bestandteile eines Multiproteinkomplexes sein, in dem sie über andere Proteine verknüpft sind. Um diese mögliche Komplexbildung zu untersuchen, wurden Gelfiltrationen durchgeführt. Diese Experimente zeigten, dass Trps1 und seine Interaktionspartner in 500 - 150kDa großen Komplexen vorliegen. Nach Isolation und Aufreinigung konnten Hdac1, Hdac4 und Hsp90β in Trps1-Komplexen >500 kDa nachgewiesen werden. Ob diese Komplexe während der Chondrogenese erhalten bleiben, wurde anhand der chondrogenen ATDC-5 Zelllinie untersucht, die bis zum Stadium von hypertrophen Chondrozyten differenziert wurde. Während der Differenzierung reduzierte sich sowohl die Trps1 -Proteinmenge als auch das Größenspektrum der Trps1- Komplexe. Im Unterschied zu undifferenzierten ATDC-5 Zellen war in differenzierten Zellen eine geringere Menge an Hdac4 vorhanden und konnte nicht mehr mit Trps1 präzipitiert werden. Hdac1 und Hsp90β lagen auch in differenzierten ATDC-5 Zellen in Trps1-Komplexen >500 kDa vor. Aufgrund der kalkulierten Größen müssen jedoch noch weitere, bislang unbekannte oder nicht untersuchte, Trps1- Bindepartner vorliegen, deren Identifikation zum Verständnis der Regulation der enchondralen Ossifikation beitragen kann

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and productivity of schizophrenia trials: an ecological study

The 5000 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's database affords an opportunity to research for variables related to the differences between nations of their output of schizophrenia trials. Ecological study – investigating the relationship between four economic/demographic variables and number of schizophrenia RCTs per country. The variable with closest correlation was used to predict the expected number of studies. GDP closely correlated with schizophrenia trial output, with 76% of the total variation about the Y explained by the regression line (r = 0.87, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.92, r2 = 0.76). Many countries have a strong tradition of schizophrenia trials, exceeding their predicted output. All nations with no identified trial output had GDPs that predicted zero trial activity. Several nations with relatively small GDPs are, nevertheless, highly productive of trials. Some wealthy countries seem either not to have produced the expected number of randomised trials or not to have disseminated them to the English-speaking world. This hypothesis-generating study could not investigate causal relationships, but suggests, that for those seeking all relevant studies, expending effort searching the scientific literature of Germany, Italy, France, Brazil and Japan may be a good investment

TOI-5678b: A 48-day transiting Neptune-mass planet characterized with CHEOPS and HARPS

Context. A large sample of long-period giant planets has been discovered thanks to long-term radial velocity surveys, but only a few dozen of these planets have a precise radius measurement. Transiting gas giants are crucial targets for the study of atmospheric composition across a wide range of equilibrium temperatures and, more importantly, for shedding light on the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Indeed, compared to hot Jupiters, the atmospheric properties and orbital parameters of cooler gas giants are unaltered by intense stellar irradiation and tidal effects. Aims. We aim to identify long-period planets in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) data as single or duo-transit events. Our goal is to solve the orbital periods of TESS duo-transit candidates with the use of additional space-based photometric observations and to collect follow-up spectroscopic observations in order to confirm the planetary nature and measure the mass of the candidates. Methods. We use the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) to observe the highest-probability period aliases in order to discard or confirm a transit event at a given period. Once a period is confirmed, we jointly model the TESS and CHEOPS light curves along with the radial velocity datasets to measure the orbital parameters of the system and obtain precise mass and radius measurements. Results. We report the discovery of a long-period transiting Neptune-mass planet orbiting the G7-type star TOI-5678. Our spectroscopic analysis shows that TOI-5678 is a star with a solar metallicity. The TESS light curve of TOI-5678 presents two transit events separated by almost two years. In addition, CHEOPS observed the target as part of its Guaranteed Time Observation program. After four non-detections corresponding to possible periods, CHEOPS detected a transit event matching a unique period alias. Follow-up radial velocity observations were carried out with the ground-based high-resolution spectrographs CORALIE and HARPS. Joint modeling reveals that TOI-5678 hosts a 47.73 day period planet, and we measure an orbital eccentricity consistent with zero at 2σ. The planet TOI-5678 b has a mass of 20 ± 4 Earth masses (M) and a radius of 4.91 ± 0.08 R Using interior structure modeling, we find that TOI-5678 b is composed of a low-mass core surrounded by a large H/He layer with a mass of 3.2±1.7-1.3 M. Conclusions. TOI-5678 b is part of a growing sample of well-characterized transiting gas giants receiving moderate amounts of stellar insolation (11 S). Precise density measurement gives us insight into their interior composition, and the objects orbiting bright stars are suitable targets to study the atmospheric composition of cooler gas giants.ISSN:0004-6361ISSN:1432-074