OCURRENCIA DE AMBLYOMMA ROTUNDATUM (KOCH, 1844) EN RHINELLA MARINA (LINNAEUS, 1758) (ANURA: BUFONIDAE) DE IQUITOS, PERÚ

El presente estudio evaluó la influencia de la estacionalidad en la ocurrencia de ectoparásitos en una población de Rhinella marina Linnaeus, 1758 de la región de Loreto, Iquitos, Perú. Los hospederos fueron colectados durante búsquedas nocturnas activas. Treinta individuos fueron recolectados en la estación seca (septiembre / 2013) y 20 en la estación lluviosa (marzo / 2014). Los hospederos recolectados fueron sometidos a evaluación morfométrica, y posteriormente, fueron examinados para la presencia de ectoparásitos a través del examen de la entera superficie corporal bajo un estereomicroscopio. Sólo una especie de ectoparásito, Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844, se encontró en los hospederos analizados. La prevalencia y abundancia media de A. rotundatum en R. marina en la temporada de lluvias fue mayor que en la estación seca. Sin embargo, la intensidad media de infestación fue similar en ambas temporadas. La mayor prevalencia y abundancia probablemente se relaciona con la mayor distribución espacial de R. marina en el medio ambiente durante la estación lluviosa porque en este momento, hay más cuerpos de agua disponibles para la reproducción. Además, en la estación seca, estos organismos están enterrados y en estivación, que teóricamente disminuirían su encuentro con los ectoparásitos. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la población de R. marina presenta una alta prevalencia de A. rotundatum en la estación lluviosa y corrobora la hipótesis de que la estacionalidad es un factor que influye en la ocurrencia de estos ectoparásitos en estos hospederos en el área estudiada. Este es el primer registro que demuestra el efecto de la estacionalidad en la infestación de A. rotundatum en R. marina en la Amazonía peruana

Diminutive, degraded but dissimilar: <i>Wolbachia</i> genomes from filarial nematodes do not conform to a single paradigm.

Wolbachia are alpha-proteobacteria symbionts infecting a large range of arthropod species and two different families of nematodes. Interestingly, these endosymbionts are able to induce diverse phenotypes in their hosts: they are reproductive parasites within many arthropods, nutritional mutualists within some insects and obligate mutualists within their filarial nematode hosts. Defining Wolbachia 'species' is controversial and so they are commonly classified into 17 different phylogenetic lineages, termed supergroups, named A-F, H-Q and S. However, available genomic data remain limited and not representative of the full Wolbachia diversity; indeed, of the 24 complete genomes and 55 draft genomes of Wolbachia available to date, 84 % belong to supergroups A and B, exclusively composed of Wolbachia from arthropods. For the current study, we took advantage of a recently developed DNA-enrichment method to produce four complete genomes and two draft genomes of Wolbachia from filarial nematodes. Two complete genomes, wCtub and wDcau, are the smallest Wolbachia genomes sequenced to date (863 988 bp and 863 427 bp, respectively), as well as the first genomes representing supergroup J. These genomes confirm the validity of this supergroup, a controversial clade due to weaknesses of the multilocus sequence typing approach. We also produced the first draft Wolbachia genome from a supergroup F filarial nematode representative (wMhie), two genomes from supergroup D (wLsig and wLbra) and the complete genome of wDimm from supergroup C. Our new data confirm the paradigm of smaller Wolbachia genomes from filarial nematodes containing low levels of transposable elements and the absence of intact bacteriophage sequences, unlike many Wolbachia from arthropods, where both are more abundant. However, we observe differences among the Wolbachia genomes from filarial nematodes: no global co-evolutionary pattern, strong synteny between supergroup C and supergroup J Wolbachia, and more transposable elements observed in supergroup D Wolbachia compared to the other supergroups. Metabolic pathway analysis indicates several highly conserved pathways (haem and nucleotide biosynthesis, for example) as opposed to more variable pathways, such as vitamin B biosynthesis, which might be specific to certain host-symbiont associations. Overall, there appears to be no single Wolbachia-filarial nematode pattern of co-evolution or symbiotic relationship

A new species of Hystrignathus (Nematoda: Thelastomatoidea: Hystrignathidae) associated with the Bess Beetle Passalus Interruptus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Passalidae) from The Peruvian Amazonia

Oca, Uriel Garduño-Montes De, Sarmiento-Ruiz, Thalia, Cardenas-Callirgos, Jorge Manuel, Oceguera-Figueroa, Alejandro (2022): A new species of Hystrignathus (Nematoda: Thelastomatoidea: Hystrignathidae) associated with the Bess Beetle Passalus Interruptus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Passalidae) from The Peruvian Amazonia. Zootaxa 5159 (3): 354-366, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5159.3.

Shaking the Tree: Multi-locus Sequence Typing Usurps Current Onchocercid (Filarial Nematode) Phylogeny

International audienc

List of filarial species used in phylogenetic analyses in this study.

<p>*<i>Protospirura muricola</i> is typically a parasite of rodents, but has been reported from primates [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004233#pntd.0004233.ref078" target="_blank">78</a>].</p><p>The onchocercid subfamilies are indicated in the first column. The name of the species as well as the author(s) and date are given in the second column. Columns 3 to 5 contain sample information, <i>i</i>.<i>e</i>. host species, MNHN accession number and collection locality.</p

Phylogeny of Onchocercidae based on partitioned concatenated datasets of 12S rDNA, <i>coxI</i>, <i>rbp1</i>, <i>hsp70</i>, <i>myoHC</i>, 18S rDNA, and 28S rDNA sequences using Bayesian Inference with indication of host vertebrate range.

<p>The total length of datasets is approximately 4950 bp. Sixty onchocercid specimens (representing 48 species) were analysed. <i>Filaria latala</i> and <i>Protospirura muricola</i> were used as outgroups. The topology was inferred using Bayesian (B) inference. Nodes are associated with Bayesian posterior probabilities based on one run of 5 million generations. The host vertebrate order for each filariae species is indicated to the right of the tree using the specified symbols.</p

Phylogeny of Onchocercidae based on partitioned concatenated datasets of 12S rDNA, <i>coxI</i>, <i>rbp1</i>, <i>hsp70</i>, <i>myoHC</i>, 18S rDNA, and 28S rDNA sequences using Bayesian Inference with indication of vector range.

<p>The total length of datasets is approximately 4950 bp. Sixty onchocercid specimens (representing 48 species) were analysed. <i>Filaria latala</i> and <i>Protospirura muricola</i> were used as outgroups. The topology was inferred using Bayesian (B) inference. Nodes are associated with Bayesian posterior probabilities based on one run of 5 million generations. The vector family for each filariae species is indicated to the right of the tree using the specified symbols.</p