Análisis de riesgos naturales a partir de infraestructuras de datos espaciales

El análisis de riesgos naturales se basa en la superposición de capas de información de distinta procedencia que dan lugar a mapas o modelos de distinto nivel (susceptibilidad, peligrosidad, exposición, vulnerabilidad o riesgo), dependiendo de los datos utilizados o disponibles. Así, los análisis de riesgos naturales experimentaron un importante desarrollo con la aparición y la generalización del uso de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Por ello, las Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales como ampliación del concepto de SIG suponen un nuevo empujón en el análisis de riesgos en varios sentidos, como la propia disponibilidad de los datos en la red, la generación de capas de información ambiental por el impulso de directivas como INSPIRE o las IDE nacionales y la presencia de metadatos que permiten informar a su vez de la calidad de los datos de partida y garantizar la fiabilidad de los análisis. En este trabajo se discuten estas cuestiones y se examina la posibilidad de hacer mapas de riesgo a partir de los datos existentes en las distintas IDE y bases de datos disponibles en la red (IDE-E, Catastro, IDE-CCAA, IGME, REDIAM, AEM, INE, etc.). La conclusión preliminar es que en España existen una buena variedad y calidad de datos básicos y temáticos relacionados con los riesgos naturales; sin embargo, la mayor parte de los mismos se encuentra en servicios WMS, haciéndose necesario una mayor disponibilidad de datos en servicios WFS y WCS para abordar con garantías estos análisis.Natural hazard and risks analyses are based in the overlapping of geographical information layers to produce different level maps (susceptibility, hazard, elements at risk, vulnerability and risk), depending on the used or available data. In this way, natural hazard analyses had got a great development with the rise and use of Geographical Information Systems. Because of it, Spatial Data Infrastructures, as an extended concept of GIS, are a new step in natural hazard analyses in various ways, such as the availability of web data, the production of environmental information layers by means of INSPIRE initiative and national IDEs and the presence of metadata, to inform of data quality and analysis reliability. In this work, we discuss these questions and we study the possibility to make natural risk maps from SDI and web databases (Spanish SDI, Cadastral, Regional Governments, Geological Institute, Andalousian Environmental Network, Meteorological Agency and Statistical Institute SDI). The first conclusion is the variety and quality of basic and thematic data related to natural hazards in Spain; however, most of them are in web map services (WMS, being necessary to have data in web files and web cobertures services (WFS and WCS) to make the analysis with a great guarantee

Identificación de escarpes de movimientos de ladera mediante técnicas de teledetección

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la aplicación de técnicas de teledetección a la identificación de escarpes de movimientos de ladera en macizos rocosos de las Cordilleras Béticas. Se han aplicado varias técnicas para hacer una primera aproximación visual, desde realces y filtrados texturales de las imágenes pancromáticas, hasta composiciones en color real y falso, fusiones, índices de vegetación (NDVI) y análisis de componentes principales a imágenes multiespectrales, correspondientes a diferentes sensores (Landsat ETM, Spot 5 e Ikonos). A través de un análisis SIG, se han calculado estadísticos básicos de las imágenes completas y de los píxeles correspondientes a diferentes tipologías de movimientos de ladera (desprendimientos, deslizamientos y corrientes de derrubios) y además se ha determinado el coeficiente de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para estimar la correlación entre imágenes y movimientos. Se han observado algunas correlaciones, siendo además la signatura espectral diferente dependiendo de la tipología. Los desprendimientos aparecen en las zonas más oscuras de las imágenes, mientras los deslizamientos y las corrientes de derrubios aparecen en las zonas más claras. De esta manera, la clasificación digital permite identificar los escarpes de los movimientos, pero parcialmente mezcladas con otros ocupaciones del suelo como suelos, roca fresca y materiales aluviales. El empleo de filtros texturales, que presentan valores elevados en zonas movilizadas resuelve esta ambigüedad. La conclusión es la necesidad de combinar la clasificación digital con los análisis texturales para identificar los escarpes de los movimientos de ladera.In this work we present the results of an analysis applied to identification of landslides features using remote sensing techniques in rock masses at the Betic Cordilleras. Several techniques are used to facilitate an approach to landslide identification, from enhancement and textural filtering of panchromatic images, to colour compositions and fusions, vegetation index (NDVI), and principal component analysis of multi-spectral imagery, corresponding to different sensors (Landsat ETM, Spot 5 and Ikonos). By means a GIS analysis, we compute basic statistics of whole images and pixels corresponding to different landslides typologies (rock falls, rock slides and debris flows) and in addition Kolmogorov-Smirnov coefficient to estimate the correlation between images and movements. Some correlations are observed, being besides the spectral signature different depending on landslides typology. Rock falls appear in darker zones of images while rock slides and especially debris flows appear in clearer zones. In this way, digital classification allows identify landslides scarps, but partially mixed with other land-uses such as soils, fresh rock and alluvial materials. The employment of textural filters, that present higher values in landslides zones, resolves this confusion. The conclusion is the need of combining digital classification and textural analysis to identify landslide features or mobilized areas

Implementació d'un Laboratori d'Habilitats Clíniques

Podeu consultar la Vuitena trobada de professorat de Ciències de la Salut completa a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/66524L’ensenyament en Ciències de la Salut complementa la formació teòrica amb la realització de pràctiques clíniques. Els nous plans d’estudis contemplen les competències i habilitats obligatòries a adquirir. El seu aprenentatge es complexa, intens i perllongat en el temps, integrant coneixements teòrics i habilitat en el maneig de les diferents tècniques. Els maniquins simuladors permeten l’ensenyament i entrenament sense estres per l’alumne i el professorat i sense riscos ple malalt. L’any 2005 es va crear al nostre Campus un Laboratori d’habilitats Clíniques (LHC)..

Invasive meningococcal disease: what we should know, before it comes back

Background: invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), sepsis and/or meningitis continues to be a public health problem, with mortality rates ranging from 5% to 16%. The aim of our study was to further knowledge about IMD with a large series of cases occurring over a long period of time, in a cohort with a high percentage of adult patients. Methods: observational cohort study of patients with IMD between 1977 hand 2013 at our hospital, comparing patients with only sepsis and those with meningitis and several degrees of sepsis. The impact of dexamethasone and prophylactic phenytoin was determined, and an analysis of cutaneous and neurological sequelae was performed. Results: a total of 527 episodes of IMD were recorded, comprising 57 cases of sepsis (11%) and 470 of meningitis with or without sepsis (89%). The number of episodes of IMD decreased from 352 of 527 (67%) in the first to 20 of 527 (4%) in the last quarter (P < .001). Thirty-three patients died (6%): 8 with sepsis (14%) and 25 with meningitis (5%) (P = .02). Cutaneous and neurological sequelae were present in 3% and 5% of survivors of sepsis and meningitis, respectively. The use of dexamethasone was safe and resulted in less arthritis, and patients given prophylactic phenytoin avoided seizures. Conclusions: the frequency of IMD has decreased sharply since 1977. Patients with sepsis only have the highest mortality and complication rates, dexamethasone use is safe and can prevent some arthritis episodes, and prophylactic phenytoin might be useful in a selected population. A rapid response and antibiotic therapy may help improve the prognosis

Elevated levels of the complement activation product c4d in bronchial fluids for the diagnosis of lung cancer

Molecular markers in bronchial fluids may contribute to the diagnosis of lung cancer. We previously observed a significant increase of C4d-containing complement degradation fragments in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) supernatants from lung cancer patients in a cohort of 50 cases and 22 controls (CUN cohort). The present study was designed to determine the diagnostic performance of these complement fragments (hereinafter jointly referred as C4d) in bronchial fluids. C4d levels were determined in BAL supernatants from two independent cohorts: the CU cohort (25 cases and 26 controls) and the HUVR cohort (60 cases and 98 controls). A series of spontaneous sputum samples from 68 patients with lung cancer and 10 controls was also used (LCCCIO cohort). Total protein content, complement C4, complement C5a, and CYFRA 21-1 were also measured in all cohorts. C4d levels were significantly increased in BAL samples from lung cancer patients. The area under the ROC curve was 0.82 (95%CI = 0.71-0.94) and 0.67 (95%CI = 0.58-0.76) for the CU and HUVR cohorts, respectively. In addition, unlike the other markers, C4d levels in BAL samples were highly consistent across the CUN, CU and HUVR cohorts. Interestingly, C4d test markedly increased the sensitivity of bronchoscopy in the two cohorts in which cytological data were available (CUN and HUVR cohorts). Finally, in the LCCCIO cohort, C4d levels were higher in sputum supernatants from patients with lung cancer (area under the ROC curve: 0.7; 95%CI = 0.56-0.83). In conclusion, C4d is consistently elevated in bronchial fluids from lung cancer patients and may be used to improve the diagnosis of the disease

Spoken term detection ALBAYZIN 2014 evaluation: overview, systems, results, and discussion

The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13636-015-0063-8Spoken term detection (STD) aims at retrieving data from a speech repository given a textual representation of the search term. Nowadays, it is receiving much interest due to the large volume of multimedia information. STD differs from automatic speech recognition (ASR) in that ASR is interested in all the terms/words that appear in the speech data, whereas STD focuses on a selected list of search terms that must be detected within the speech data. This paper presents the systems submitted to the STD ALBAYZIN 2014 evaluation, held as a part of the ALBAYZIN 2014 evaluation campaign within the context of the IberSPEECH 2014 conference. This is the first STD evaluation that deals with Spanish language. The evaluation consists of retrieving the speech files that contain the search terms, indicating their start and end times within the appropriate speech file, along with a score value that reflects the confidence given to the detection of the search term. The evaluation is conducted on a Spanish spontaneous speech database, which comprises a set of talks from workshops and amounts to about 7 h of speech. We present the database, the evaluation metrics, the systems submitted to the evaluation, the results, and a detailed discussion. Four different research groups took part in the evaluation. Evaluation results show reasonable performance for moderate out-of-vocabulary term rate. This paper compares the systems submitted to the evaluation and makes a deep analysis based on some search term properties (term length, in-vocabulary/out-of-vocabulary terms, single-word/multi-word terms, and in-language/foreign terms).This work has been partly supported by project CMC-V2 (TEC2012-37585-C02-01) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. This research was also funded by the European Regional Development Fund, the Galician Regional Government (GRC2014/024, “Consolidation of Research Units: AtlantTIC Project” CN2012/160)

Detección y cuantificación de cambios geomorfológicos a partir del análisis de vuelos históricos

Terrain relief modifications are mainly due to geodynamic processes, both internal and external earth processes, to climate change and to human activities. The dynamics of these processes can be shown as slow and progressive changes or as major relief modifications. Geomorphologic changes can be considered as slope geometry modifications. Thus the improvement in the monitoring of slopes provides a better knowledge of the geomorphologic change. In this work we propose the use of digital photogrammetry and the comparison of different dates photogrammetric flights in order to measure the change. Several flights from 1957 to 2003 over the Pas Valley (Cantabrian Range, Northern Spain) have been studied. A method to compare flights from different dates and features has been set up in order to explore the possibilities of monitoring the geomorphologic change through the analysis of digital terrain models (DTM).Las modificaciones del relieve se deben principalmente a procesos geodinámicos, tanto externos como internos, al cambio climático y a la intervención humana. La dinámica de estos procesos se puede manifestar como un lento y progresivo cambio o como modificaciones importantes del relieve. Los cambios geomorfológicos se pueden considerar como modificaciones de la geometría de la pendiente. Por tanto, la mejora en la medida de la evolución de esta geometría, proporciona un mejor conocimiento de este cambio. Para ello, se propone el empleo de la fotogrametría digital y la comparación de vuelos correspondientes a diferentes fechas. Se han analizado diversos vuelos sobre el Valle del Pas (Cantabria), tanto históricos como actuales, estableciendo un método de comparación de vuelos de diferentes épocas y características para, a través del análisis de los MDT, explorar las posibilidades de determinación del cambio geomorfológico

Integration of photogrammetric and terrestrial laser scanning techniques for heritage documentation

Este trabajo presenta las ideas y trabajos preliminares del proyecto Integración de Técnicas de Fotogrametría y Escáner Láser Terrestre para la Documentación Patrimonial (IFOTEL TIN2009-09939; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Plan Nacional I+D+i, 2008-2011), con el que se pretende buscar la mejora y optimización de la documentación del patrimonio cultural mediante la combinación de diferentes métodos, especialmente de fotogrametría (tanto terrestre como aérea mediante el uso de plataformas ligeras), técnicas de barrido láser (LÍDAR terrestre) y topografía, que aúnen las ventajas de todos ellos minimizando sus inconvenientes.This paper presents the preliminary works of the Integration of Photogrammetric and Terrestrial Laser Scanner Techniques for Heritage Documentation Research Project (IFOTEL TIN2009-09939; Ministry of Science and Innovation, National Programme R+D+I, 2008-2011). The IFOTEL project aims with the improvement and optimization of heritage documentation by means of combination and integration of different methods and techniques, mainly close range photogrammetry (both terrestrial and aerial with light platforms), terrestrial laser scanner and surveying, joining the advantages of the different methods but also minimizing the disadvantages of each single technique