The fundamental right of religious freedom

En este artículo se hacen precisiones conceptuales en torno a variables del derecho a la libertad religiosa. Concretamente sobre la aconfesionalidad del Estado o el derecho de igualdad ínsitos ambos en el art. 16 de la Constitución. A partir de ahí se profundiza en problemas de índole práctica: el uso del velo en las escuelas así como el derecho de los padres a elegir la educación religiosa de sus hijos. Se analizan estas cuestiones desde la doctrina del Tribunal Constitucional y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos HumanosThis article makes conceptual clarifications about variables of the right to religious freedom. Specifically studied secularism in the constitution regulated.From then elaborates practical problems: the headscarf in schools as well as the right of parents to choose religious education for their children. We analyze these issues from the doctrine of the Constitutional Court and European Court of Human RightsPublicad

Apuntes jurisprudenciales sobre el principio acusatorio y su aplicación por el tribunal constitucional y el tribunal europeo de derechos humanos

Analizamos la aplicación del principio acusatorio por el Tribunal Constitucional en la sentencia 155/2009, de 25 de junio y sus consecuencias. También se analiza el art. 6.3 a) del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos respecto al derecho de los acusados a ser informado de la acusación vertida contra ellos. Para concluir comparamos la interpretación que, de este principio, han hecho tanto el Tribunal Constitucional como el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humano

Estado de alarma provocado por la enfermedad COVID-19: un apunte crítico sobre las medidas legislativas adoptadas para paliar la crisis sanitaria, económica y social

The text makes a critical analysis of the legislative measures adopted by the Government to alleviate the health crisis caused by Covid-19. Likewise, a reflection is made of the constitutional precepts that are affected by the State of Alarm declaration.En el texto se hace un análisis crítico de las medidas legislativas adoptadas por el Gobierno para paliar la crisis sanitaria producida por la Covid-19. Igualmente se hace una reflexión de los preceptos constitucionales que se ven a afectados por la declaración de Estado de Alarm

Introducing robustness to maximum-likelihood refinement of electron-microsopy data

An expectation-maximization algorithm for maximum-likelihood refinement of electron-microscopy data is presented that is based on finite mixtures of multivariate t-distributions. Compared with the conventionally employed Gaussian mixture model, the t-distribution provides robustness against outliers in the data

Development of an ontology for the inclusion of app users with visual impairments

Approximately 15% of the world’s population have some form of disability and the majority use apps on their mobile devices to help them in their daily lives with communication, healthcare, or for entertainment purposes. It is not, however, easy for users with impairments to choose the most suitable apps since this will depend on their particular personal characteristics or circumstances in a specific context, and because such users require apps with certain accessibility features which are not always specified in the app description. In order to overcome such difficulties, it is necessary to obtain a user profile that gathers the user’s personal details, abilities, disabilities, skills, and interests to facilitate selection. The basis for our research work is to develop an app that recommends a set of apps to users with disabilities. In this respect, the focus of this paper is to obtain a semantic user profile model on which more precise search requests can be performed. The disability we have chosen to concentrate on is that of visual impairment. We propose an ontology-based user profile that matches users’ characteristics, disabilities, and interests, and which not only simplifies the classification process but also provides a mechanism for linking them with existing disability ontologies, assistive devices, accessibility concepts, etc. Moreover, thanks to the inclusion of semantic relations and rules, it is possible to reason and infer new information that can be used to make more personalized recommendations than a simple app store search.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Agencia Estatal de Investigacion) PID2019-109644RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/50110001103

Moara: a Java library for extracting and normalizing gene and protein mentions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Gene/protein recognition and normalization are important preliminary steps for many biological text mining tasks, such as information retrieval, protein-protein interactions, and extraction of semantic information, among others. Despite dedication to these problems and effective solutions being reported, easily integrated tools to perform these tasks are not readily available.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>This study proposes a versatile and trainable Java library that implements gene/protein tagger and normalization steps based on machine learning approaches. The system has been trained for several model organisms and corpora but can be expanded to support new organisms and documents.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Moara is a flexible, trainable and open-source system that is not specifically orientated to any organism and therefore does not requires specific tuning in the algorithms or dictionaries utilized. Moara can be used as a stand-alone application or can be incorporated in the workflow of a more general text mining system.</p

Error analysis in the determination of the electron microscopical contrast transfer function parameters from experimental power Spectra

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The transmission electron microscope is used to acquire structural information of macromolecular complexes. However, as any other imaging device, it introduces optical aberrations that must be corrected if high-resolution structural information is to be obtained. The set of all aberrations are usually modeled in Fourier space by the so-called Contrast Transfer Function (CTF). Before correcting for the CTF, we must first estimate it from the electron micrographs. This is usually done by estimating a number of parameters specifying a theoretical model of the CTF. This estimation is performed by minimizing some error measure between the theoretical Power Spectrum Density (PSD) and the experimentally observed PSD. The high noise present in the micrographs, the possible local minima of the error function for estimating the CTF parameters, and the cross-talking between CTF parameters may cause errors in the estimated CTF parameters.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this paper, we explore the effect of these estimation errors on the theoretical CTF. For the CTF model proposed in <abbrgrp><abbr bid="B1">1</abbr></abbrgrp> we show which are the most sensitive CTF parameters as well as the most sensitive background parameters. Moreover, we provide a methodology to reveal the internal structure of the CTF model (which parameters influence in which parameters) and to estimate the accuracy of each model parameter. Finally, we explore the effect of the variability in the detection of the CTF for CTF phase and amplitude correction.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We show that the estimation errors for the CTF detection methodology proposed in <abbrgrp><abbr bid="B1">1</abbr></abbrgrp> does not show a significant deterioration of the CTF correction capabilities of subsequent algorithms. All together, the methodology described in this paper constitutes a powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of CTF models that can be applied to other models different from the one analyzed here.</p

Particle alignment reliability in single particle electron cryomicroscopy: A general approach

Electron Microscopy is reaching new capabilities thanks to the combined effect of new technologies and new image processing methods. However, the reconstruction process is still complex, requiring many steps and elaborated optimization procedures. Therefore, the possibility to reach a wrong structure exists, justifying the need of robust statistical tests. In this work, we present a conceptually simple alignment test, which does not require tilt-pair images, to evaluate the alignment consistency between a set of projection images with respect to a given 3D density map. We test the approach on a number of problems in 3DEM, especially the ranking and evaluation of initial 3D volumes and high resolution 3D maps, where we show its usefulness in providing an objective evaluation for maps that have recently been subject to a strong controversy in the field. Additionally, this alignment statistical test can be linked to the early stages of structure solving of new complexes, streamlining the whole process.The authors would like to acknowledge economical support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through grants AIC-A-2011-0638 and BIO2013-44647-R, the Comunidad de Madrid through grant CAM (S2010/BMD-2305), and from "Comfuturo" grant funded by the Fundacion General CSIC. C.O.S. Sorzano is recipient of a Ramon y Cajal fellowship. We acknowledge discussions with Sriram Subramanian on validation approaches related to the HIV trimer structure

Comparison of molecular dynamics and superfamily spaces of protein domain deformation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It is well known the strong relationship between protein structure and flexibility, on one hand, and biological protein function, on the other hand. Technically, protein flexibility exploration is an essential task in many applications, such as protein structure prediction and modeling. In this contribution we have compared two different approaches to explore the flexibility space of protein domains: i) molecular dynamics (MD-space), and ii) the study of the structural changes within superfamily (SF-space).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our analysis indicates that the MD-space and the SF-space display a significant overlap, but are still different enough to be considered as complementary. The SF-space space is wider but less complex than the MD-space, irrespective of the number of members in the superfamily. Also, the SF-space does not sample all possibilities offered by the MD-space, but often introduces very large changes along just a few deformation modes, whose number tend to a plateau as the number of related folds in the superfamily increases.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Theoretically, we obtained two conclusions. First, that function restricts the access to some flexibility patterns to evolution, as we observe that when a superfamily member changes to become another, the path does not completely overlap with the physical deformability. Second, that conformational changes from variation in a superfamily are larger and much simpler than those allowed by physical deformability. Methodologically, the conclusion is that both spaces studied are complementary, and have different size and complexity. We expect this fact to have application in fields as 3D-EM/X-ray hybrid models or <it>ab initio </it>protein folding.</p