Análise de Indicadores Esqueléticos para a Reconstituição de Padrões de Actividade em Populações Humanas Antigas

O estudo dos esqueletos das populações antigas fornece dados acerca da sua demografia, saúde e bem-estar, dieta, violência, parentesco e padrões de actividade. Os ossos adaptam-se em forma e em tamanho, em resposta activa a estímulos mecânicos, os quais, se forem prolongados e/ou intensos, traduzem-se em determinados indicadores que incluem: patologias degenerativas relacionadas com efeitos mecânicos sobre as articulações, estrutura e biomecânica dos ossos longos e morfologia dos locais de inserção dos músculos (enteses). Pretende-se com a presente revisão avaliar a utilização de entesopatias como indicadores esqueléticos na reconstituição de padrões de actividade em populações antigas

The Influence of (Poly)phenol Intake in Saliva Proteome: Short- and Medium-Term Effects of Apple

The relationship between salivary proteome and dietary habits was studied in previous works, where a relationship between salivary proteins like cystatins and polyphenol/tannin levels in diet was observed. However, it remains to be elucidated if this association results from an effect of polyphenol-rich food ingestion on saliva composition. The aim of this work was to test the effects of apple intake on the saliva proteome, both in the short and medium term (after 4 days of continuous intake). By incubating saliva samples with apple phenolic-rich extract, protein bands containing -amylase, S-type cystatins, and proline-rich proteins (PRPs) appeared in the fraction that precipitated, showing the potential of these (poly)phenols to precipitate salivary proteins. Among these, it was salivary cystatins that presented changes in their levels both in the saliva samples collected immediately after apple intake and in the ones collected after 4 days of intake of an extra amount of apple. These results support the thought that intake is reflected in the salivary proteome. The effect of a polyphenol-rich food, like the apple, on salivary cystatin levels is in line with results observed in animal models and, due to the involvement of these proteins in oral food perception, it would be interesting to explore in future studies the effect of these changes on sensory perception and acceptance of polyphenol-rich food.</jats:p

Adult diagnosis of Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome or unilateral hyperlucent lung syndrome is a rare entity associated with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans occurring in childhood. It is characterized by hypoplasia and/or agenesis of the pulmonary arteries resulting in pulmonary parenchyma hypoperfusion.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>Here we report the case of a 53-year-old Caucasian woman with Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome found in the differential diagnosis workup for a new onset of heart failure, secondary to pulmonary arterial hypertension complicated by a patent ductus arteriosus.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Typically, this disorder is diagnosed in childhood after evaluation for recurrent respiratory infections, but sometimes an indolent course means diagnosis is not made until adulthood.</p

Mecanobiologia do osso: II. Microestrutura do osso compacto em estudos de paleodemografia.

A qualidade e quantidade de tecido ósseo depende da capacidade das suas células reconhecerem e responderem a estímulos químicos e mecânicos. O processo de remodelação óssea é coordenado pela actividade dos osteócitos, dos osteoblastos e dos osteoclastos, e funciona como base para a adaptação do esqueleto a esses estímulos. A mecanobiologia do osso assenta no processo celular da mecanotransdução, em que os osteócitos, as células ósseas mais abundantes, funcionam como mecanorreceptores, estando activamente envolvidos nos processos da osteogénese e da manutenção da matriz óssea. No caso das populações antigas, o estudo dos seus esqueletos fornece dados acerca da sua demografia (ratios de idade e de sexos), saúde e bem-estar, dieta, violência, parentesco e modo de vida, ou padrões de actividade. Pretende-se com o presente trabalho evidenciar a importância da análise da microestrutura do osso compacto em paleodemografia, aplicada a estudos: de crescimento e desenvolvimento; de avaliação de processos de remodelação; e de reconstituição de padrões de actividade física/estímulos mecânicos

Thyroid Ultrasound Report: A Position Statement of the Thyroid Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

A ecografi a tiroideia é o exame de imagem de primeira linha na investigação da patologia estrutural da tiroide. A utilização de sistemas de classifi cação do risco de malignidade dos nódulos da tiroide, em função das suas características ecográfi cas, veio conferir à ecografi a tiroideia um papel determinante na seleção dos nódulos com indicação para citologia aspirativa com agulha fi na da tiroide. Os relatórios da ecografi a tiroideia precisam de ser adaptados a esta realidade. Assim, a adoção de um modelo de relatório estruturado de ecografi a da tiroide, que inclua a utilização de um léxico comum e a informação sufi ciente para a classifi cação do risco dos nódulos da tiroide torna-se premente. Em Portugal, a qualidade dos relatórios de ecografi a da patologia nodular da tiroide, defi nida pela capacidade de classifi car corretamente o risco de malignidade dos nódulos, poderá ser baixa. Com o objetivo de contribuir para uma melhor qualidade dos relatórios de ecografi a da tiroide, o Grupo de Estudo da Tiroide da Sociedade Portuguesa de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo propôs-se estabelecer recomendações sobre a elaboração de um relatório estruturado da ecografi a tiroideia, tendo por base a classifi cação EU-TIRADS da European Thyroid Association, assim como sobre princípios e termos a utilizar na sua descrição.Thyroid ultrasound is the first-line imaging exam in the investigation of thyroid structural disease. The use of thyroid nodule malignancy risk classification systems according to their ultrasound characteristics has given the thyroid ultrasound a determining role in the selection of which nodules have indication for thyroid fine needle aspiration and cytology. Thyroid ultrasound reports need to be adapted to this reality. Thus, the adoption of a structured thyroid ultrasound report model that includes the use of a common lexicon and sufficient information to classify the risk of thyroid nodules becomes urgent. The quality of thyroid nodule ultrasound reports, defined by the ability to correctly classify the risk of nodule malignancy, may be low in Portugal. In order to contribute to an improvement in the quality of thyroid ultrasound reports, the Thyroid Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology. Diabetes and Metabolism intended to establish recommendations on the elaboration of a structured report of thyroid ultrasound, based on the EU-TIRADS classification of the European Thyroid Association, as well as to establish principles and terminologies to be used in their implementation.These recommendations were developed within the Thyroid Study Group and were supported by the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

Autoimmune diseases and pregnancy: analysis of a series of cases

BACKGROUND: An autoimmune disease is characterized by tissue damage, caused by self-reactivity of different effector mechanisms of the immune system, namely antibodies and T cells. All autoimmune diseases, to some extent, have implications for fertility and obstetrics. Currently, due to available treatments and specialised care for pregnant women with autoimmune disease, the prognosis for both mother and child has improved significantly. However these pregnancies are always high risk. The purpose of this study is to analyse the fertility/pregnancy process of women with systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases and assess pathological and treatment implications. METHODS: The authors performed an analysis of the clinical records and relevant obstetric history of five patients representing five distinct autoimmune pathological scenarios, selected from Autoimmune Disease Consultation at the Hospital of Braga, and reviewed the literature. RESULTS: The five clinical cases are the following: Case 1-28 years old with systemic lupus erythematosus, and clinical remission of the disease, under medication with hydroxychloroquine, prednisolone and acetylsalicylic acid, with incomplete miscarriage at 7 weeks of gestation without signs of thrombosis. Case 2-44 years old with history of two late miscarriages, a single preterm delivery (33 weeks) and multiple thrombotic events over the years, was diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome after acute myocardial infarction. Case 3-31 years old with polymyositis, treated with azathioprine for 3 years with complete remission of the disease, took the informed decision to get pregnant after medical consultation and full weaning from azathioprine, and gave birth to a healthy term new-born. Case 4-38 years old pregnant woman developed Behcet's syndrome during the final 15 weeks of gestation and with disease exacerbation after delivery. Case 5-36 years old with autoimmune thyroiditis diagnosed during her first pregnancy, with difficult control over the thyroid function over the years and first trimester miscarriage, suffered a second miscarriage despite clinical stability and antibody regression. CONCLUSIONS: As described in literature, the authors found a strong association between autoimmune disease and obstetric complications, especially with systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome and autoimmune thyroiditis

Transcription of toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4 and 9, FoxP3 and Th17 cytokines in a susceptible experimental model of canine Leishmania infantum infection

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a chronic zoonotic systemic disease resulting from complex interactions between protozoa and the canine immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system and facilitate the early detection of many infections. However, the role of TLRs in CanL remains unknown and information describing TLR transcription during infection is extremely scarce. The aim of this research project was to investigate the impact of L. infantum infection on canine TLR transcription using a susceptible model. The objectives of this study were to evaluate transcription of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in skin, spleen, lymph node and liver in the presence or absence of experimental L. infantum infection in Beagle dogs. These findings were compared with clinical and serological data, parasite densities in infected tissues and transcription of IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3 in different tissues in non-infected dogs (n = 10), and at six months (n = 24) and 15 months (n = 7) post infection. Results revealed significant down regulation of transcription with disease progression in lymph node samples for TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3. In spleen samples, significant down regulation of transcription was seen in TLR4 and IL-22 when both infected groups were compared with controls. In liver samples, down regulation of transcription was evident with disease progression for IL-22. In the skin, upregulation was seen only for TLR9 and FoxP3 in the early stages of infection. Subtle changes or down regulation in TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and FoxP3 are indicative of the silent establishment of infection that Leishmania is renowned for. These observations provide new insights about TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and Foxp3 in the liver, spleen, lymph node and skin in CanL and highlight possible markers of disease susceptibility in this model

Primordial Black Holes: sirens of the early Universe

Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) are, typically light, black holes which can form in the early Universe. There are a number of formation mechanisms, including the collapse of large density perturbations, cosmic string loops and bubble collisions. The number of PBHs formed is tightly constrained by the consequences of their evaporation and their lensing and dynamical effects. Therefore PBHs are a powerful probe of the physics of the early Universe, in particular models of inflation. They are also a potential cold dark matter candidate.Comment: 21 pages. To be published in "Quantum Aspects of Black Holes", ed. X. Calmet (Springer, 2014

Salinomycin induces calpain and cytochrome c-mediated neuronal cell death

Salinomycin is a polyether antibiotic with properties of an ionophore, which is commonly used as cocciodiostatic drug and has been shown to be highly effective in the elimination of cancer stem cells (CSCs) both in vitro and in vivo. One important caveat for the potential clinical application of salinomycin is its marked neural and muscular toxicity. In the present study we show that salinomycin in concentrations effective against CSCs exerts profound toxicity towards both dorsal root ganglia as well as Schwann cells. This toxic effect is mediated by elevated cytosolic Na+ concentrations, which in turn cause an increase of cytosolic Ca2+ by means of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs) in the plasma membrane as well as the mitochondria. Elevated Ca2+ then leads to calpain activation, which triggers caspase-dependent apoptosis involving caspases 12, 9 and 3. In addition, cytochrome c released from depolarized mitochondria directly activates caspase 9. Combined inhibition of calpain and the mitochondrial NCXs resulted in significantly decreased cytotoxicity and was comparable to caspase 3 inhibition. These findings improve our understanding of mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy and are important to devise strategies for the prevention of neurotoxic side effects induced by salinomycin