Molecular characterization of table grape varieties preserved in the Rancho de la Merced Grapevine Germplasm Bank (Spain)

A collection of 317 table-grape accessions preserved in the Vitis Germplasm Bank at the Rancho de la Merced (IFAPA, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain) were genotyped at 20 microsatellite loci. A total of 264 different genotypes were obtained. Among them, 66 are presented for the first time. Twenty-one accession names are considered new synonyms, fourteen homonyms and 48 can be considered as "denomination mistakes" in the Rancho de la Merced collection

An experimental and numerical study of the smoke ventilation in atrium fires under dynamic ventilation performance

Paper presented to the 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Florida, 14-16 July 2014.Smoke control systems within fire safety designs are being commonly investigated by means of computation fluid dynamics (CFD) models due to the increment of accuracy and computational speed. This paper presents a full-scale experimental and numerical comparison of atrium fires of 2.3- 2.7 MW and 5.1-5.3 MW using Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDSv6). Results from six different fire tests with dynamic and constant exhaust flow rates during the fire are presented. Different mesh element sizes as well as turbulence models (Deardorff, Dynamic Smagorinsky and Smagorinsky models) assessing the smoke layer interface are compared presentingdifferences in the steady state of 20% and 10%, respectively. A good agreement is obtained numerically, being the average relative error during the whole experiment of 12% and 17% in low and high heat release rates, respectively. Finally, the smoke layer has been well predicted not only under constant flow rates but also under dynamic flow rates, being the numerical temporal response to the exhaust changes conducted slower than the experimental one.cf201

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds in Vitis vinifera L. 'Tempranillo' winemaking lees

Winemaking lees (WL) are the less exploited by-products from the winemaking industry. This by-product is generated after the fermentation of grape must and its composition is variable, although it is mainly made up of lysed yeasts, tartaric acid, colloids, polyphenols and ashes. Of all the compounds that can be found in lees, polyphenols exhibit particularly powerful bioactive properties and their extraction for their reuse in different matrices could be a matter of particular interest.Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has been used to extract both total anthocyanins (TA) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) from lees from Vitis vinifera L. 'Tempranillo' vinification. The optimization of six extraction variables (% methanol, pH, temperature, amplitude, cycle and ratio solvent:mass) was performed using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) where TA and TPC were considered independent variables. The UAE method that has been developed in this research could be a new rapid and efficient method to extract TPC and, coupled to chromatographic methodologies, identify up to fourteen different anthocyanins from WL. The objective of this study is to determine WL polyphenolic content and its potential for further uses in other procedures aiming to create value from vinification waste

Comunicación corta. Caracterización del relicto cultivar de vid Almuñécar

A prospection of Andalusian Mediterranean vineyards was carried out in search of the traditional Almuñécar grapevine, used to produce raisins of quality. An ampelographical description and a genetic characterization, using 20 nuclear microsatellite loci, showed that this cultivar constitutes a clone of Muscat of Alexandria. In reference to biotic stress, this cultivar has a high sensibility to powdery and downy mildews and medium sensibility to the grapevine pathogen Botrytis cinerea. At the present time, it constitutes a relic cultivar due to different sanitary and economical causes analyzed in the text.Se ha realizado una prospección del viñedo de la vertiente mediterránea de Andalucía para buscar la variedad tradicional Almuñécar, usada para la producción de pasas de calidad. La descripción ampelográfica y la caracterización genética, empleando 20 loci de microsatélites nucleares, han indicado que este vidueño constituye un clon de la variedad Moscatel de Alejandría. Respecto al estrés biótico, esta variedad se muestra muy sensible al oídio y mildiu, así como a Botrytis cinerea. En la actualidad, la variedad puede considerarse como relicta, debido a causas económicas y fitosanitarias referidas en el texto

Numerical simulation of wear-mechanisms maps

Wear-mechanismmapsfordifferentmaterials,actuallysteelonsteel,arebeingmodeledwithFEM.Amicrothermo- mechanicalapproachhasbeenusedinordertomodelaccuratelythemacroscopicphenomenaofwear.Aplasticlawfor the normal micromechanical contact of asperities has been implemented in FEAP and a slight modification, based on experimental results, is proposed. For the three mechanisms modeled, good correlation between the numerical results of wear and those found in literature has been obtained for a pin-on-disk configuration. The flash temperatures reached in the contact interface have been also studied and fair good agreement with literature is achieved

Factors affecting the make-up air and their influence on the dynamics of atrium fires

In case of fire, constructive features of typical atria could favor the spread of smoke. This makes the design of their smoke control and management systems a challenging task. Five full-scale fire experiments in the literature have been analyzed and numerically compared in FDS v6 to explore the influence of the make-up air. However, these fire experiments cover only a limited number of set-ups and conditions, and require further numerical modeling to obtain a deeper understanding of the makeup air influence. Subsequently, 84 simulations with FDS v6 have been carried out, considering different vent areas (air velocity from 0.4 to 5.3 m/s) and configurations, two heat release rates (2.5 and 5 MW), and two pan locations. It is demonstrated that make-up air velocities lower than the prescribed limit of 1 m/s, by the international codes, may induce adverse conditions. Based on our results, we recommended fire engineers to numerically assess the fire scenario with even lower velocity values. The results also show that asymmetric configurations are prone to induce circulation around the flame which can contribute to the formation of longer flames and fire whirls. Thus, this numerical study links two fire types allowing the connection of pool fires to fire whirls, which completely differ in behaviour and smoke filling, for the sake of design of fire safety

Review and validation of the current smoke plume entrainment models for large-volume buildings

The design of smoke management systems in large-volume enclosures is of utter importance for life safety, property protection, and business continuity in case of fire. Despite the recent international trend in smoke control design towards the use of advanced fire models, simple plume entrainment correlations are the basis of the discipline and are still a common practice since they are often incorporated in technical documents for the design of smoke control systems. Different plume entrainment correlations have been developed over the years and are cited in different national codes and design guides. These correlations have been widely investigated for fires in small enclosures, but their applicability and accuracy in large enclosures is not clear. The present work studies the suitability and applicability of these approaches to properly predict the fire induced conditions within large volumes. The results obtained from the plume entrainment correlations have been compared with full scale experimental data in an 8.000 m3 enclosure. Based on the results obtained by this analysis performed in a large-volume enclosure, the current methods available of modelling fire and determining the smoke produced by the fire might not be suitable. It was observed that for the steady state, the McCaffrey correlation gave results closest to the experiments, and for the transient evolution of the smoke layer, the Zukoski correlation. On the contrary, the popular Thomas method underpredicted smoke production and entrainment, giving the highest smoke layer interface heights and leading to estimations that are not conservative (with errors between 36.5% and 101%). The authors analyze the reasons for the discrepancies and give some practical recommendations for the design of smoke control in large volume buildings, such as that the use of such models to predict the smoke production of a given fire shall be only a first approximation and not a design tool, especially when using those models that have not shown a good match to the experimental data

Identification of Vitis vinifera L. Local Cultivars Recovered in Andalusia (Spain) by Using Microsatellite Markers

11 Pàg.In Andalusia (Spain), there are different wine regions that have a great recognized tradition. In these regions, the cultivation of the vine is ancient and there are still vineyards planted with local varieties of Vitis vinifera L. that have not yet been identified. The aim of this research study was to identify 49 accessions of grapevine collected in the districts of four provinces in Andalusia (Spain). All samples were genotyped with 20 microsatellite markers in order to ascertain the identity and analyze the genetic diversity of the collected material. In total, 30 different genotypes were obtained, 22 of them which were identified with named, known varieties by comparison to the Spanish or European microsatellite databases, and eight which are referred to as new genotypes. All loci were polymorphic, and a total of 159 alleles were detected, ranging from 4 to 12 alleles per locus, with an average allele number of 7.95. The overall observed heterozygosity was 0.763 and was slightly higher than expected (0.715), while the gene diversity per locus varied between 0.167 (VVIN73) and 0.967 (VVMD5). A dendrogram representing the genetic similarities among cultivars was depicted using the UPGMA method to investigate their relationships. The eight new genotypes identified in this research work could represent ancient local varieties in danger of extinction. These new cultivars may be used to determine original wines.This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (INIA-Spain), grants number RF2004-00014-00-00, VIN00-036-C6-5X, RF2006-00011-00-00 and RF2007-00017-00-00.Peer reviewe