Plasma Membrane Fluidity: An Environment Thermal Detector in Plants.

The lipid matrix in cell membranes is a dynamic, bidimensional array of amphipathic molecules exhibiting mesomorphism, which contributes to the membrane fluidity changes in response to temperature fluctuation. As sessile organisms, plants must rapidly and accurately respond to environmental thermal variations. However, mechanisms underlying temperature perception in plants are poorly understood. We studied the thermal plasticity of membrane fluidity using three fluorescent probes across a temperature range of -5 to 41 °C in isolated microsomal fraction (MF), vacuolar membrane (VM), and plasma membrane (PM) vesicles from Arabidopsis plants. Results showed that PM were highly fluid and exhibited more phase transitions and hysteresis, while VM and MF lacked such attributes. These findings suggest that PM is an important cell hub with the capacity to rapidly undergo fluidity modifications in response to small changes of temperatures in ranges spanning those experienced in natural habitats. PM fluidity behaves as an ideal temperature detector: it is always present, covers the whole cell, responds quickly and with sensitivity to temperature variations, functions with a cell free-energy cost, and it is physically connected with potential thermal signal transducers to elicit a cell response. It is an optimal alternative for temperature detection selected for the plant kingdom

Wheat EARLY FLOWERING3 is a dawn-expressed circadian oscillator component that regulates heading date

Using an eight-parent Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) population we investigated how variation at circadian clock-associated genes contributes to the regulation of heading date in UK and European winter wheat varieties. We identified homoeologues of EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) as candidates for the Earliness per se (Eps) D1 and B1 loci in field conditions. We confirmed that a SNP within the coding region of TaELF3-B1 is a candidate polymorphism underlying the Eps-B1 locus. We found that a reported deletion at the Eps-D1 locus encompassing TaELF3-D1, is instead a novel allele that lies within an introgression region containing an inversion relative to the Chinese Spring D genome. Using T. turgidum cv. Kronos carrying loss of function alleles of TtELF3 we show that ELF3 does regulate heading by demonstrating that the loss of a single ELF3 homoeologue was sufficient to alter heading date. These studies demonstrated that ELF3 forms part of the circadian oscillator but loss of all homoeologues was required to affect circadian rhythms. Similarly, loss of functional LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) in T. aestivum, an orthologue of a protein partner of Arabidopsis ELF3, severely disrupted circadian rhythms. ELF3 and LUX transcripts are not co-expressed at dusk suggesting the structure of the wheat circadian oscillator might differ to that of Arabidopsis. Our demonstration that alteration to ELF3 homoeologues can affect heading date separate from effects on the circadian oscillator suggests a role for ELF3 in cereal photoperiodic responses that could be selected for, without pleiotropic deleterious alterations to circadian rhythms

Circadian and environmental signal integration in a natural population of Arabidopsis.

Plants sense and respond to environmental cues during 24 h fluctuations in their environment. This requires the integration of internal cues such as circadian timing with environmental cues such as light and temperature to elicit cellular responses through signal transduction. However, the integration and transduction of circadian and environmental signals by plants growing in natural environments remains poorly understood. To gain insights into 24 h dynamics of environmental signaling in nature, we performed a field study of signal transduction from the nucleus to chloroplasts in a natural population of Arabidopsis halleri. Using several modeling approaches to interpret the data, we identified that the circadian clock and temperature are key regulators of this pathway under natural conditions. We identified potential time-delay steps between pathway components, and diel fluctuations in the response of the pathway to temperature cues that are reminiscent of the process of circadian gating. We found that our modeling framework can be extended to other signaling pathways that undergo diel oscillations and respond to environmental cues. This approach of combining studies of gene expression in the field with modeling allowed us to identify the dynamic integration and transduction of environmental cues, in plant cells, under naturally fluctuating diel cycles

Low-temperature and circadian signals are integrated by the sigma factor SIG5

Chloroplasts are a common feature of plant cells and aspects of their metabolism, including photosynthesis, are influenced by low-temperature conditions. Chloroplasts contain a small circular genome that encodes essential components of the photosynthetic apparatus and chloroplast transcription/translation machinery. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis, a nuclear-encoded sigma factor that controls chloroplast transcription (SIGMA FACTOR5) contributes to adaptation to low-temperature conditions. This process involves the regulation of SIGMA FACTOR5 expression in response to cold by the bZIP transcription factors ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 HOMOLOG. The response of this pathway to cold is gated by the circadian clock, and it enhances photosynthetic efficiency during long-term cold and freezing exposure. We identify a process that integrates low-temperature and circadian signals, and modulates the response of chloroplasts to low-temperature conditions

Circadian Entrainment in Arabidopsis by the Sugar-Responsive Transcription Factor bZIP63.

Synchronization of circadian clocks to the day-night cycle ensures the correct timing of biological events. This entrainment process is essential to ensure that the phase of the circadian oscillator is synchronized with daily events within the environment [1], to permit accurate anticipation of environmental changes [2, 3]. Entrainment in plants requires phase changes in the circadian oscillator, through unidentified pathways, which alter circadian oscillator gene expression in response to light, temperature, and sugars [4-6]. To determine how circadian clocks respond to metabolic rhythms, we investigated the mechanisms by which sugars adjust the circadian phase in Arabidopsis [5]. We focused upon metabolic regulation because interactions occur between circadian oscillators and metabolism in several experimental systems [5, 7-9], but the molecular mechanisms are unidentified. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER63 (bZIP63) regulates the circadian oscillator gene PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR7 (PRR7) to change the circadian phase in response to sugars. We find that SnRK1, a sugar-sensing kinase that regulates bZIP63 activity and circadian period [10-14] is required for sucrose-induced changes in circadian phase. Furthermore, TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE1 (TPS1), which synthesizes the signaling sugar trehalose-6-phosphate, is required for circadian phase adjustment in response to sucrose. We demonstrate that daily rhythms of energy availability can entrain the circadian oscillator through the function of bZIP63, TPS1, and the KIN10 subunit of the SnRK1 energy sensor. This identifies a molecular mechanism that adjusts the circadian phase in response to sugars.FAPESP, The Royal Society, the Bristol Centre for Agricultural Innovation, the Peter und Traudl Engelhorn-Stiftung, the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) (Brazil), and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico

Low-temperature and circadian signals are integrated by the sigma factor SIG5.

Acknowledgements: This research was funded by Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Council (UK) (BB/I005811/2, BB/J014400/1, BB/T003030/1, Institute Strategic Programme GEN BB/P013511/1 to A.N.D.; studentship 1518540 awarded to P.E.P.), Norwich Research Park Doctoral Training Partnership (BB/T008717/1, to R.D. and A.B.), The Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2018-216, to A.N.D.), the Bristol Centre for Agricultural Innovation (to A.N.D.), the Wolfson Foundation (to A.N.D.), NAGASE Science Technology Foundation (Japan), the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan) (Grants-in-Aid 17K07438, to K.T. and S.I.) and Tokyo Institute of Technology World Research Hub Initiative Program of Institute of Innovative Research (to K.T.). D.L.C.-R. is grateful to the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico) for granting a PhD scholarship. We thank the University of Bristol Genomics Facility and Z. Song for experimental support; G. Jenkins for seed donation; S. Samwald, E. Tee, J. Sallmen and N. Holmes for help with protein analysis; C. Faulkner, T. Oyama and T. Muranaka for advice about transient expression; and M. Knight, Y. Yoshitake and M. Shimojima for technical advice. Figure 5 created with BioRender.com.Funder: Bristol Centre for Agricultural Innovation Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico)Funder: BBSRC (Durham) Studentship 1518540 The Leverhulme Trust RPG-2018-216Funder: NAGASE Science Technology Foundation Tokyo Institute of Technology World Research Hub InitiativeFunder: The Leverhulme Trust RPG-2018-216 Bristol Centre for Agricultural InnovationChloroplasts are a common feature of plant cells and aspects of their metabolism, including photosynthesis, are influenced by low-temperature conditions. Chloroplasts contain a small circular genome that encodes essential components of the photosynthetic apparatus and chloroplast transcription/translation machinery. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis, a nuclear-encoded sigma factor that controls chloroplast transcription (SIGMA FACTOR5) contributes to adaptation to low-temperature conditions. This process involves the regulation of SIGMA FACTOR5 expression in response to cold by the bZIP transcription factors ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 HOMOLOG. The response of this pathway to cold is gated by the circadian clock, and it enhances photosynthetic efficiency during long-term cold and freezing exposure. We identify a process that integrates low-temperature and circadian signals, and modulates the response of chloroplasts to low-temperature conditions

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health