Relative growth of carcass tissues of goat kids from five breed Types finished on pasture or feedlot

he aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cross breeding, finishing system, and gender on the relative growth of carcass tissues of dairy kids. Seventy eight kids (39 male and 39 female) from five breed types were used: Alpine; ½ Boer + ½ Alpine (½ BA); ½ Nubian + ½ Alpine (½ ANA); ¾ Boer + ¼ Alpine (¾ BA); and ½ Nubian + ¼ Boer + ¼ Alpine (TC). Kids were distributed into two finishing systems: in pasture with doe (FS1) and weaned in feedlot (FS2). Kids were slaughtered at a mean age of 128.4 ± 7.9 days and mean live weight of 22.07 kg. The mean weight of half carcasses was 5.09 kg. To determine allometric growth, we used the exponential equation Y= aXb. In the half carcass, muscle tissue showed comparatively early growth in group ½ BA, whereas fat tissue of animals in FS1 had relatively late growth. Females exhibited early growth of muscle tissue, while in males this tissue was intermediate. The ½ BA first-cross improved carcass characteristics by enhancing the growth of muscle tissue

Valor nutritivo e alimentício da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho na alimentação de cabra em lactação

Foram utilizadas 20 cabras Alpinas primíparas e multíparas com aproximadamente 80 dias em lactação, alojadas individualmente em gaiolas metálicas e distribuídas de acordo com a produção de leite em cinco quadrados latinos 4 x 4. As dietas experimentais utilizadas apresentaram relação concentrado: volumoso 65:35. Os tratamentos foram caracterizados por níveis crescentes 0, 33, 67 e 100% de silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) em substituição ao grão seco de milho (GSM). As médias do consumo de matéria seca (1,64 kg/dia, 3,9 %PV ou 99,35 g/PM), proteína bruta (0,20 kg/dia) e matéria orgânica (1,53 kg/dia) não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de SGUM. Entretanto as medias para o consumo de extrato etéreo (0,067 kg/dia), fibra em detergente neutro (0,82 kg/dia ou 49,51 g/PM), carboidratos não estruturais (0,45 kg/dia), nutrientes digestíveis totais (1,20 kg/dia) e energia líquida (1,66 Mcal/dia) foram significativos (P<0,05) para os diferentes níveis de SGUM. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (73,51 %), matéria orgânica (74,77%) e dos nutrientes, proteína bruta (71,30%), extrato etéreo (82,03%), fibra em detergente neutro (65,88%), carboidrato não fibroso (85,09%) foram afetados pelos diferentes níveis de SGUM (P<0,05). Conclui-se que a SGUM não alterou o consumo de MS e melhorou as digestibilidade dos nutrientes, podendo ser usada em substituição parcial ou total ao GSM na alimentação de cabras Alpinas.Twenty primiparous and multiparous Alpine goats (11-12 weeks in lactation) were individually housed in metallic cages and assigned according to milk production in five 4 x 4 Latin square arrangement. All experimental diets presented 65:35 concentrate to forage ratio. Treatments were considered the graded replacement levels (0, 33, 67 and 100%) of high moisture corn silage (HMCS) by corn grain (CG). Average values of dry matter intake (1.64 kg/day, 3.9 %LW or 99.35 g/MW), crude protein (0.20 kg/day) and organic matter (1.53 kg/day) were not influenced by HMCS dietary levels. However, intakes of ether extract (0.067 kg/day), neutral detergent fiber (0.82 kg/day or 49.51 g/MW), non-structural carbohydrates (0.45 kg/day), total digestible nutrients (1.20 kg/day) and liquid energy (1.66 Mcal/day) were different (P<0.05) respective to the dietary treatments. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (73.51%), organic matter (74.77%), crude protein (71.30%), ether extract (82.03%), neutral detergent fiber (65.88%), non-fiber carbohydrates (85.09%) showed differences respective to the dietary HMCS levels (P<0.05). It is concluded that the SGUM did not modify the MS consumption and improved the digestibilidade of the nutrients, being able to be used in partial or total substitution to the GSM in the feeding of Alpine goatsConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Parâmetros ruminais e produtivos de cabras alimentadas com cana-de-acúcar e ou silagem de milho

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a cana-deaçúcar in natura em substituição à silagem de milho sobre consumo de matéria seca, parâmetros ruminais (pH e amônia), produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e cinética da degradação dos volumosos e do concentrado em cabras adultas em mantença. Foram utilizadas quatro cabras não-lactantes fistuladas no rúmen arranjadas em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4, utilizando-se os níveis de substituição de 0, 33 67 e 100% como variável independente. Os níveis de substituição da silagem de milho pela cana-de-açúcar não afetou o consumo de matéria seca, ganho de peso diário e pH ruminal, o que não ocorreu com a amônia que teve efeito quadrático, com máxima concentração para 74.43% de cana-deaçúcar. A produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta tiveram efeitos quadráticos nos diferentes tratamentos, observando-se máxima produção, para o nível de 0,59 e 32,70% de cana-de-açúcar, de ácido acético e butírico, respectivamente, e mínima concentração, para o nível de 10,36% de cana-de-açúcar, de ácido propiônico. Entretanto, a relação Ac:Pr diminuiu linearmente com o aumento da cana-de-açúcar em substituição da silagem de milho. A degradabilidade efetiva, potencial, a fração solúvel e potencialmente degradável da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro dos volumosos não tiveram efeitos significativos nos diferentes ambientes ruminais formados pelos níveis de substituição da silagem de milho pela cana-de-açúcar. A degradabilidade da matéria seca da cana-de-açúcar, da silagem de milho e do concentrado tiveram valores de: 66,79; 72,62 e 93,06%, respectivamente, em 96 horas, para os volumosos, e 48 para o concentrado, de incubação. A degradabilidade efetiva, com taxa de passagem de 0,05 h-1, da matéria seca...The experiment was conducted to evaluate in natura sugar cane as a substitute of corn silage in the dry matter intake, ruminal parameters (pH and ammonia), production of short chain fatty acids and degradation kinetics of roughage and concentrate in adult goats in maintenance. Four non-lactating goats rumen fistulated were used and arranged in a 4x4 latin square design, using levels of substitution of 0, 33, 67 and 100% as independent variable. The levels of substitution of corn silage by sugar cane did not affect the dry matter intake, daily weight gain and ruminal pH, which did not occur with ammonia that had a quadratic effect, with maximum concentration for 74.43% of sugar cane. However, the relation Ac:Pr linearly decreased with the increase of sugar cane in substitution of corn silage. The effective degradability, potential, the soluble fraction of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of roughage did not have significant effect in the different ruminal environments formed by the levels of substitution of corn silage by sugar cane. The degradability of dry matter of sugarcane, corn silage and concentrate had values of 66.79, 72.62 and 93.06% respectively, in 96 hours for roughage and 48 hours for concentrate, of incubation. The effective degradability, with rate of passage of 0,05h-1, of dry matter and crude protein of concentrate showed quadratic effect in the different ruminal environment, observing maximum degradation in the level of 51.00 and 61.71% of sugar cane, respectively. The neutral detergent fiber degradability had values of 37.10 and 51.82% for sugarcane and corn silage, respectively, in 96 hours of incubation, and 96.42% for crude protein of concentrate in 48 hours of incubation. The sugar cane as... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Ingestive behavior of dairy goats fed increasing levels of sugarcane in replacement of corn silage

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate levels of replacement (0, 33, 67 and 100%) of corn silage with fresh sugarcane in dairy-goat diets on the ingestive behavior of these animals. Eight lactating Alpine goats (after lactation peak) with a live weight of 51.95 +/- 3.29 kg were distributed into two 4 x 4 Latin squares according to their milk production. Animals were placed in individual pens where they received diets ad libitum, twice a day, with a roughage: concentrate ratio of 40: 60, during 72 days of experiment. The evaluated variables were time spent feeding (TSF), ruminating (TSR), idle (TSI) and chewing (TSC), dry matter intake (DMI), neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), feeding efficiency of dry matter (FEDM) and neutral detergent fiber (FENDF), rumination efficiency of dry matter (REDM) and neutral detergent fiber (RENDF), number of ruminal boli per day (NRB) and number of rumination chews per day (NRC). The different treatments had no effect on TSF or TSR. However, a linear effect was observed on TSC. There was a linear effect on TSI, in which the highest value was observed in the treatment with 0% of sugarcane inclusion. A quadratic effect was observed on dry matter intake, with minimum point of 2.14 kg/day for 68.04% of sugarcane inclusion; however, NDFI was not affected by the different treatments. There was no effect of treatments on FEDM, although a quadratic effect was observed on FENDF, wherein the lowest value was observed in the treatment with 67% of sugarcane inclusion. There was no effect of different levels of corn silage replacement on REDM, RENDF, NRB or NRC. Sugarcane can be replaced with corn silage without changing the times spending on feeding and rumination.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Prospective observational cohort study on grading the severity of postoperative complications in global surgery research

Background The Clavien–Dindo classification is perhaps the most widely used approach for reporting postoperative complications in clinical trials. This system classifies complication severity by the treatment provided. However, it is unclear whether the Clavien–Dindo system can be used internationally in studies across differing healthcare systems in high- (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods This was a secondary analysis of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), a prospective observational cohort study of elective surgery in adults. Data collection occurred over a 7-day period. Severity of complications was graded using Clavien–Dindo and the simpler ISOS grading (mild, moderate or severe, based on guided investigator judgement). Severity grading was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data are presented as frequencies and ICC values (with 95 per cent c.i.). The analysis was stratified by income status of the country, comparing HICs with LMICs. Results A total of 44 814 patients were recruited from 474 hospitals in 27 countries (19 HICs and 8 LMICs). Some 7508 patients (16·8 per cent) experienced at least one postoperative complication, equivalent to 11 664 complications in total. Using the ISOS classification, 5504 of 11 664 complications (47·2 per cent) were graded as mild, 4244 (36·4 per cent) as moderate and 1916 (16·4 per cent) as severe. Using Clavien–Dindo, 6781 of 11 664 complications (58·1 per cent) were graded as I or II, 1740 (14·9 per cent) as III, 2408 (20·6 per cent) as IV and 735 (6·3 per cent) as V. Agreement between classification systems was poor overall (ICC 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·20 to 0·55), and in LMICs (ICC 0·23, 0·05 to 0·38) and HICs (ICC 0·46, 0·25 to 0·59). Conclusion Caution is recommended when using a treatment approach to grade complications in global surgery studies, as this may introduce bias unintentionally

The surgical safety checklist and patient outcomes after surgery: a prospective observational cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis

© 2017 British Journal of Anaesthesia Background: The surgical safety checklist is widely used to improve the quality of perioperative care. However, clinicians continue to debate the clinical effectiveness of this tool. Methods: Prospective analysis of data from the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), an international observational study of elective in-patient surgery, accompanied by a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature. The exposure was surgical safety checklist use. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and the secondary outcome was postoperative complications. In the ISOS cohort, a multivariable multi-level generalized linear model was used to test associations. To further contextualise these findings, we included the results from the ISOS cohort in a meta-analysis. Results are reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: We included 44 814 patients from 497 hospitals in 27 countries in the ISOS analysis. There were 40 245 (89.8%) patients exposed to the checklist, whilst 7508 (16.8%) sustained ≥1 postoperative complications and 207 (0.5%) died before hospital discharge. Checklist exposure was associated with reduced mortality [odds ratio (OR) 0.49 (0.32–0.77); P\u3c0.01], but no difference in complication rates [OR 1.02 (0.88–1.19); P=0.75]. In a systematic review, we screened 3732 records and identified 11 eligible studies of 453 292 patients including the ISOS cohort. Checklist exposure was associated with both reduced postoperative mortality [OR 0.75 (0.62–0.92); P\u3c0.01; I2=87%] and reduced complication rates [OR 0.73 (0.61–0.88); P\u3c0.01; I2=89%). Conclusions: Patients exposed to a surgical safety checklist experience better postoperative outcomes, but this could simply reflect wider quality of care in hospitals where checklist use is routine

Critical care admission following elective surgery was not associated with survival benefit: prospective analysis of data from 27 countries

This was an investigator initiated study funded by Nestle Health Sciences through an unrestricted research grant, and by a National Institute for Health Research (UK) Professorship held by RP. The study was sponsored by Queen Mary University of London