Guide to the identification and systematization of information on international Trade Regulations fo the Poultry Sector

Identifica regulaciones nacionales actualizadas y de fácil acceso sobre aspectos que es útil conocer para el comercio en el sector avícola que requieren los países miembros de esta Asociación y así acceder a los mercados internacionales. Contempla tres etapas que incluyen la (i) identificación y levantamiento de la información, (ii) la identificación de herramientas para la sistematización de esta, y (iii) análisis de sostenibilidad, implementación y difusión. En la primera etapa se pretende recopilar la información por lo que se han elegido códigos arancelarios a seis dígitos, del sector de carne de pollo que son de interés para los asociados y se revisaron bases de datos internacionales, nacionales y regionales que permitan encontrar información de interés sobre medidas comerciales aplicadas restrictivas al comercio aplicadas por los países para comercializar productos avícolas.Identifies national regulations governing trade in the poultry sector that the Association’s member countries require to be able to access international markets. Recognize three-stage project: (i) the identification and collection of information, (ii) the identification of tools for its systematization, and (iii) an analysis of sustainability, implementation, and dissemination. The aim in the first stage is to collect information, for which six-digit tariff codes related to the chicken meat sector were chosen that are of interest to members; and international, national, and regional databases were researched that provide useful information on restrictive measures applied by countries to trade in poultry products

Pharmaceutical services for endemic situations in the Brazilian Amazon: organization of services and prescribing practices for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum non-complicated malaria in high-risk municipalities

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In spite of the fact that pharmaceutical services are an essential component of all malaria programmes, quality of these services has been little explored in the literature. This study presents the first results of the application of an evaluation model of pharmaceutical services in high-risk municipalities of the Amazon region, focusing on indicators regarding organization of services and prescribing according to national guidelines.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A theoretical framework of pharmaceutical services for non-complicated malaria was built based on the Rapid Evaluation Method (WHO). The framework included organization of services and prescribing, among other activities. The study was carried out in 15 primary health facilities in six high-risk municipalities of the Brazilian Amazon. Malaria individuals ≥ 15 years old were approached and data was collected using specific instruments. Data was checked by independent reviewers and fed to a data bank through double-entry. Descriptive variables were analyzed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A copy of the official treatment guideline was found in 80% of the facilities; 67% presented an environment for receiving and prescribing patients. Re-supply of stocks followed a different timeline; no facilities adhered to forecasting methods for stock management. No shortages or expired anti-malarials were observed, but overstock was a common finding. On 86.7% of facilities, the average of good storage practices was 48%. Time between diagnosis and treatment was zero days. Of 601 patients interviewed, 453 were diagnosed for <it>Plasmodium vivax</it>; of these, 99.3% received indications for the first-line scheme. Different therapeutic schemes were given to <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>patients. Twenty-eight (4.6%) out of 601 were prescribed regimens not listed in the national guideline. Only 5.7% individuals received a prescription or a written instruction of any kind.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results show that while diagnostic procedure is well established and functioning in the Brazilian malaria programme, prescribing is still an activity that is actually not performed. The absence of physicians and poor integration between malaria services and primary health services make for the lack of a prescription or written instruction for malaria patients throughout the Brazilian Amazon. This fact may lead to a great number of problems in rational use and in adherence to medication.</p