Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding.

Global demand for macroalgal and microalgal foods is growing, and algae are increasingly being consumed for functional benefits beyond the traditional considerations of nutrition and health. There is substantial evidence for the health benefits of algal-derived food products, but there remain considerable challenges in quantifying these benefits, as well as possible adverse effects. First, there is a limited understanding of nutritional composition across algal species, geographical regions, and seasons, all of which can substantially affect their dietary value. The second issue is quantifying which fractions of algal foods are bioavailable to humans, and which factors influence how food constituents are released, ranging from food preparation through genetic differentiation in the gut microbiome. Third is understanding how algal nutritional and functional constituents interact in human metabolism. Superimposed considerations are the effects of harvesting, storage, and food processing techniques that can dramatically influence the potential nutritive value of algal-derived foods. We highlight this rapidly advancing area of algal science with a particular focus on the key research required to assess better the health benefits of an alga or algal product. There are rich opportunities for phycologists in this emerging field, requiring exciting new experimental and collaborative approaches.AGS & KEH thank the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC BB/1013164/1) of the UK for funding. The University of Dundee is a registered Scottish charity, No. SC015096. PP is supported by IDEALG in the frame of the stimuli program entitled “Investissements d’avenir, Biotechnologies-Bioressources” (ANR-10-BTBR-04-02). The open access fee was supported by NSF-OCE-1435021 (MLW), DIC project 1823-06 (MEC), Maine Sea Grant (NOAA) 5405971 (SHB), NSF #11A-1355457 to Maine EPSCoR at the University of Maine (SHB), and the listed funding to AGS and PP

Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding.

Global demand for macroalgal and microalgal foods is growing, and algae are increasingly being consumed for functional benefits beyond the traditional considerations of nutrition and health. There is substantial evidence for the health benefits of algal-derived food products, but there remain considerable challenges in quantifying these benefits, as well as possible adverse effects. First, there is a limited understanding of nutritional composition across algal species, geographical regions, and seasons, all of which can substantially affect their dietary value. The second issue is quantifying which fractions of algal foods are bioavailable to humans, and which factors influence how food constituents are released, ranging from food preparation through genetic differentiation in the gut microbiome. Third is understanding how algal nutritional and functional constituents interact in human metabolism. Superimposed considerations are the effects of harvesting, storage, and food processing techniques that can dramatically influence the potential nutritive value of algal-derived foods. We highlight this rapidly advancing area of algal science with a particular focus on the key research required to assess better the health benefits of an alga or algal product. There are rich opportunities for phycologists in this emerging field, requiring exciting new experimental and collaborative approaches.AGS & KEH thank the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC BB/1013164/1) of the UK for funding. The University of Dundee is a registered Scottish charity, No. SC015096. PP is supported by IDEALG in the frame of the stimuli program entitled “Investissements d’avenir, Biotechnologies-Bioressources” (ANR-10-BTBR-04-02). The open access fee was supported by NSF-OCE-1435021 (MLW), DIC project 1823-06 (MEC), Maine Sea Grant (NOAA) 5405971 (SHB), NSF #11A-1355457 to Maine EPSCoR at the University of Maine (SHB), and the listed funding to AGS and PP

1996 Wild Blueberry CSREES Progress Reports/1996 Wild Blueberry Tax Reports

The 1996 edition of the Wild Blueberry CSREES Progress Reports/Wild Blueberry Tax Reports was prepared for the Maine Wild Blueberry Commission and the University of Maine Wild Blueberry Advisory Committee by researchers at the University of Maine, Orono. Projects in this report include: Wild Blueberry CSREES Progress Reports: 1. Factors affecting the quality of Individually Quick Frozen (IQF) wild blueberries 2. Factors affecting the physical and chemical properties of IQF wild blueberries 3. Preventing the bleeding of blueberry fruit in bakery products 4. Amylase test development 5. Determination of pesticide residue levels in freshly harvested and processed wild blueberries 6. Sustainable pollination of wild blueberry 7. Potential for biological control of insect pests of wild blueberry 8. Effect of desiccation on wild blueberry winter survival and cold temperature tolerance 9. Population variation in low-temperature tolerance of wild blueberry 10. Influence of flower delaying sprays on seasonal variation of low temperature tolerance in wild blueberry 11. Effect of various levels of disbudding on yield of wild blueberry 12. Effect of boron and the polyamine putrescine on wild blueberry fruit set and yield 13. Effect of soil pH on nutrient uptake 14. Phosphorus uptake 15. Correcting boron deficiency 16. Hexazinone groundwater survey 17. Effect of time of fall pruning on growth and productivity of wild blueberries 18. Evaluation of Pronone® spot treatments for control of St. Johnswort, dogbane, bracken fern, witch grass/fall panicum and bunchberry 19. Effect of hexazinone formulation on movement through the soil profile 20. Effect of plant source and density on spread of wild blueberry Wild Blueberry Tax Reports: 21. Control of wild blueberry diseases 22. Control of wild blueberry pest insects 23. Biology and action thresholds of secondary blueberry pest insects 24. Phosphorus/nitrogen fertilizer ratio 25. Effect of surfactant and ammonium sulfate on glyphosate activity 26. Blueberry Extension Education Program Bas

2002 Wild Blueberry Project Reports

The 2002 edition of the Wild Blueberry Project Reports was prepared for the Wild Blueberry Commission of Maine and the Wild Blueberry Advisory Committee by researchers at the University of Maine, Orono. Projects in this report include: 1. Factors Affecting Microbial and Pesticide Residue Levels on Wild Blueberries 2. Effect of Blueberry Products on Oxidation in Meat Based Food 3. Determination of Pesticide Residue Levels in Freshly Harvested and Processed Wild Blueberries 4. Detection of Infested Wild Blueberries using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 5. Investigation Of The Mechanism By Which Blueberry Fractions Maintain Arterial Integrity 6. Antioxidant Assessment in the Elderly 7. Water Use of Wild Blueberries and the Impact of Plant Water Stress on Yield 8. Control Tactics for Wild blueberry Pest Insects 9. IPM Strategies 10. Pest Biology 11. Wild Blueberry Pollination Research 12. Survey and Determination of Effective Control of Stem Blight and Leaf Spot Diseases in Wild Blueberry Fields 13. Effect of Foliar-applied Iron Chelate Concentration on Leaf Iron Concentration, Wild Blueberry Growth and Yield 14. Effect of Boron Application Methods on Boron Uptake in Wild Blueberries 15. Effect of Foliar N spray on Leaf N Concentration, Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 16. Effect of Foliar Spray (4-13-15) on Leaf Nutrient Concentration, Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 17. Effect of Foliar Copper Application on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 18. Effect of Foliar Copper and/or Iron Application on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 19. Effect of Soil pH on Nutrient Uptake 20. Assessment of Hexazinone Alternatives for Weed Control in Wild Blueberries and Weed Control 21. Evaluation of Fall Applications of Sulfonylurea Herbicides for Bunchberry Control in Wild Blueberries 22. Evaluation and Demonstration of Techniques for Filling in Bare Spots in Wild Blueberry Fields 23. Blueberry Extension Education Program Base 24. 2002 Pesticide Groundwater Survey 25. Cultural Weed Management using sulfur to lower the p

2004 Wild Blueberry Project Progress Reports

The 2004 edition of the Wild Blueberry Project Progress Reports was prepared for the Wild Blueberry Commission of Maine and the Wild Blueberry Advisory Committee by researchers at the University of Maine, Orono. Projects in this report include: 1. Determination of Pesticide Residue Levels in Freshly Harvested and Processed Lowbush Blueberries 2. Effect of Wild Blueberry Products on Physical, Chemical, Microbiological and Sensory Quality of Soy-Based and Ground Beef Patties 3. Evaluation of Emerging Disinfection Technologies for Wild Blueberry Processing 4. Detection of Infested Blueberries using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Spectra Collection 5. Health Claims for Wild Blueberries 6. Wild blueberries and Arterial Functional Properties 7. Irrigation Water Use in Wild Blueberry Production 8. Insect Control Tactics for Blueberry Pest Insects & Program Base 9. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies 10. Biology and Ecology of Blueberry Insect Pests 11. Stem Blight/Dieback and Leaf Spot Diseases in Lowbush Blueberry Fields 12. . Evaluation of fungicide control of mummy berry blight in wild blueberries: a) ground application and b) aerial application 13. Effect of Foliar Copper Application on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 14. Effect of Soil pH on Nutrient Uptake 15. Effect of Fertilizer Timing (prune year vs. crop year) on Wild Blueberry Growth and Productivity 16. Raising Foliar Nitrogen by Application of CoRoN 17. Effect of Manganese on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberry 18. Assessment of Hexazinone Alternatives for Weed Control in Wild Blueberries and Field Cover Program Base 19. Evaluation of Fall Applications of Sulfonylurea Herbicides for Bunchberry Control in Wild Blueberries 20. Evaluation and Demonstration of Techniques for Filling in Bare Spots in Wild Blueberry Fields 21. Assessment of Evitol for Sedge Control in Wild Blueberries 22. Cultural Weed Management Using pH 23. 2004 Pesticide Groundwater Survey 24. Wild Blueberry Extension Education Program in 200

2003 Wild Blueberry Project Reports

The 2003 edition of the Wild Blueberry Project Reports was prepared for the Wild Blueberry Commission of Maine and the Wild Blueberry Advisory Committee by researchers at the University of Maine, Orono. Projects in this report include: 1. Factors Affecting the Microbial and Pesticide Residues Levels on Lowbush Blueberries 2. Effect of Blueberry Products on Oxidation in Ground Beef Patties 3. Infestation Detection using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 4. Whole Wild Blueberries and Arterial Functional Properties 5. Irrigation Water use in Wild Blueberry Production 7. Control Tactics for Blueberry Pest Insects 8. IPM Strategies 9. Biology and Ecology of Blueberry Pest Insects, 2003 10. Wild Blueberry Pollination Research 11. Stem Blight/Dieback and Leaf Spot Diseases in Wild Blueberry Fields 12. Effect of Foliar N spray on Leaf N Concentration, Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 13. Effect of Foliar Spray (4-13-15) on Leaf Nutrient Concentration, Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 14. Effect of Foliar Copper Application on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 15. Effect of Foliar Copper and/or Iron Application on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 16. Effect of Soil pH on Nutrient Uptake. 17. Effect of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) and CPPU on Fruit Set and Yield of Wild Blueberry after low temperature flower stress 18. Effect of Fertilizer Timing (prune year vs. crop year) on Wild Blueberry Growth and Productivity. 19. Assessment of Hexazinone Alternatives for Weed Control in Wild Blueberries and Weed Control and Field Cover Program Base 20. Evaluation of Fall Applications of Sulfonylurea Herbicides for Bunchberry Control in Wild Blueberries 21. Assessment of clean-cut adapter on hand clippers for weed control in wild blueberries 22. Evaluation and Demonstration of Techniques for Filling in Bare Spots in Wild Blueberry Fields 23. Blueberry Extension Education Program in 2003 24. 2003 Pesticide Groundwater Survey 25. Cultural Weed Management using Sulfur to lower the p

2001 Wild Blueberry CSREES Project Reports

The 2001 edition of the Wild Blueberry CSREES Progress Reports was prepared for the Maine Wild Blueberry Commission and the University of Maine Wild Blueberry Advisory Committee by researchers at the University of Maine, Orono. Projects in this report include: 1. Effect of Wild Blueberry Products on Oxidation in Meat Based Food Systems 2. Factors Affecting the Microbial and Pesticide Residues Levels on Wild Blueberries 3. Determination of Pesticide Residue Levels in Fresh and Processed Wild Blueberries 4. Separation of Maggot-Infested Wild Blueberries in the IQF Processing Line 5. Water Use of Wild Blueberries and the Impact of Plant Water Stress on Yields 6. Survey of Stem Blight and Leaf Spot Diseases in Wild Blueberry Fields 7. IPM Strategies 8. Control Tactics for Wild Blueberry Pest Insects, 2001 9. Biology and Ecology of Blueberry Pest Insects 10. Diurnal Bee Activity and Measurement of Honeybee Field Strength 11. Effect of Foliar-applied Iron (Fe) Chelate Concentration on Leaf Iron Concentration, Wild Blueberry Growth and Yield 12. Effect of Boron Application Methods on Boron Uptake in Wild Blueberries 13. Effect of Foliar Iron and Copper Application on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 14. Effect of Fertilizer Timing on Wild Blueberry Growth and Productivity 15. Effect of Foliar Copper Application on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberries 16. Effect of Prune-year Applications of Nutri-Phitetm P or Nutri-Phitetm P+K on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) 17. Effect of Soil pH on Nutrient Uptake 18. Assessment of Azafenidin for Weed Control in Wild Blueberries 19. Assessment of Rimsulfuron for Weed Control in Wild Blueberries 20. Assessment of Pendimethalin for Weed Control in Wild Blueberries 21. Evaluation and Demonstration of Techniques for Filling in Bare Spots in Wild Blueberry Fields 22. Assessment of Sprout-less Weeder for Hardwood Control in Wild Blueberries 23. Wild Blueberry Extension Education Program in 2001 24. Evaluation of Fungicide Efficacy in Wild Blueberry Fields 25. 2001 Pesticide Groundwater Survey 26. Cultural Weed Management Using Sulfur to Lower the pH 27. Wild Blueberry Web Sit

2006 Lowbush Blueberry Project Reports

The 2006 edition of the Lowbush Blueberry Project Reports was prepared for the Wild Blueberry Commission of Maine and the Wild Blueberry Advisory Committee by researchers at the University of Maine, Orono. Projects in this report include: 1. Evaluation of Emerging Disinfection Technologies for Wild Blueberry Processing 2. Incorporation of wild blueberry puree into a soy-based burger and its effect on sensory and chemical properties of the broiled burgers 3. Infestation Detection using NIRS 4. Mechanism of Action through which Wild Blueberries affect Arterial Functional Properties in Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats 5. Practical Microbial Control Approach for Wild Blueberries and their Antimicrobial Property 6. Wild Blueberry Consumption and Risks for Cardiovascular Disease 7. Irrigation Water use in Wild Blueberry Production 8. Control Tactics for Blueberry Pest Insects & Program Base 9. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies 10. Biology and Ecology of Blueberry Insect Pests, 2006 11. Research on Wild Blueberry Diseases for 2006-2007 12. Effect of Soil pH on Nutrient Uptake 13. Effect of Manganese on Growth and Yield of Wild Blueberry 14. Effects of Summer Foliar Fertilization to Increase Branch Length and Flower Bud Formation in the Prune Year 15. Effects of Phosphite Foliar Fertilizers on disease control and fruit set of wild blueberry 16. Assessment of Hexazinone Alternatives for Weed Control in Wild Blueberries 17. Evaluation of Fall Applications of Tribenuron Methyl for Bunchberry Control in Wild Blueberries 18. Evaluation of spot treatments of Tribenuron Methyl, Ultim and Roundup for weed control in Wild Blueberries 19. Blueberry Extension Education Program 20. Cultural Weed Management Using p

2013 Wild Blueberry Project Reports

The 2013 edition of the Wild Blueberry Project Reports was prepared for the Wild Blueberry Commission of Maine and the Wild Blueberry Advisory Committee by researchers at the University of Maine, Orono. Projects in this report include: 1. Development of effective intervention measures to maintain and improve food safety for wild blueberries 2. Do wild blueberries alleviate risk factors related to the Metabolic Syndrome? 3. Wild Blueberry consumption and exercise-induced Oxidative Stress: Inflammatory Response and DNA damage 4. Control tactics for blueberry pest insects, 2013 5. Pesticide residues on wild blueberry, 2013 6. Biology of pest insects and IPM, 2013 7. Biology of blueberry, beneficial insects, and blueberry pollination 8. Biology of spotted wing drosophila, 2013 9. Maine wild blueberry –mummy berry research and extension 10. Evaluation of fungicides for control of mummy berry on lowbush blueberry (2013) 11. Wild blueberry Extension Education Program in 2013 INPUT SYSTEMS STUDY: 12. Systems approach to improving the sustainability of wild blueberry production, Year Four of a four-year study – experimental design 13. Food safety- Prevalence study of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. on lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium) 14. Agronomic input effects on sensory quality and chemical composition of wild Maine blueberries 15. Systems approach to improving the sustainability of wild blueberry production, Year four of a four-year study – reports from Frank Drummond 16. Systems approach to improving the sustainability of wild blueberry production, Year 4 of a four-year study, disease management results 17. Systems approach to improving the sustainability of wild blueberry production, Year Four of a four-year study, weed management results 18. Phosphorus and organic matter interactions on short-range ordered minerals in acidic barren soils 19. Systems approach to improving the sustainability of wild blueberry production, preliminary economic comparison for 2012-13 20. Ancillary projects in disease research (ancillary study) 21. Systems approach to improving the sustainability of wild blueberry production – Ancillary land-leveling study, Year Three of a four-year study (ancillary study) 22. Pre-emergent combinations of herbicides for weed control in wild blueberry fields – 2013 results from the 2012 trial (ancillary study) 23. Evaluation of herbicides for 2012 prune year control of fineleaf sheep fescue in wild blueberries – 2013 crop year results (ancillary study) 24. 2012 pre-emergence application timing and rate of Alion and Sandea in combination with Velpar or Sinbar – 2013 yields (ancillary study) 25. Pre-emergence Sinbar combinations for weed control in a non-crop wild blueberry field – 2012-2014 (ancillary study) 26. Evaluation of three pre-emergence herbicides alone and in combination with Velpar or Sinbar for effects on wild blueberry productivity and weed control (ancillary study) 27. Post-harvest control of red sorrel in a non-crop blueberry field, 2012-2014 (ancillary study) 28. Compost and mulch effects on soil health and nutrient dynamics in wild blueberry (ancillary study) 29. Evaluation of conventional and organic fertilizers on blueberry growth and yield (ancillary study