Exercise training improves relaxation response and SOD-1 expression in aortic and mesenteric rings from high caloric diet-fed rats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Obesity has been associated with a variety of disease such as type II diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis. Evidences have shown that exercise training promotes beneficial effects on these disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether physical preconditioning prevents the deleterious effect of high caloric diet in vascular reactivity of rat aortic and mesenteric rings.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Male Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (SD); trained (TR); sedentary diet (SDD) and trained diet (TRD) groups. Run training (RT) was performed in sessions of 60 min, 5 days/week for 12 weeks (70–80% VO_2max). Triglycerides, glucose, insulin and nitrite/nitrate concentrations (NO_x^-) were measured. Concentration-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were obtained. Expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) was assessed by Western blotting.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>High caloric diet increased triglycerides concentration (SDD: 216 ± 25 mg/dl) and exercise training restored to the baseline value (TRD: 89 ± 9 mg/dl). Physical preconditioning significantly reduced insulin levels in both groups (TR: 0.54 ± 0.1 and TRD: 1.24 ± 0.3 ng/ml) as compared to sedentary animals (SD: 0.87 ± 0.1 and SDD: 2.57 ± 0.3 ng/ml). On the other hand, glucose concentration was slightly increased by high caloric diet, and RT did not modify this parameter (SD: 126 ± 6; TR: 140 ± 8; SDD: 156 ± 8 and TRD 153 ± 9 mg/dl). Neither high caloric diet nor RT modified NO_x^-levels (SD: 27 ± 4; TR: 28 ± 6; SDD: 27 ± 3 and TRD: 30 ± 2 μM). Functional assays showed that high caloric diet impaired the relaxing response to ACh in mesenteric (about 13%), but not in aortic rings. RT improved the relaxing responses to ACh either in aortic (28%, for TR and 16%, to TRD groups) or mesenteric rings (10%, for TR and 17%, to TRD groups) that was accompanied by up-regulation of SOD-1 expression and reduction in triglycerides levels.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The improvement in endothelial function by physical preconditioning in mesenteric and aortic arteries from high caloric fed-rats was directly related to an increase in NO bioavailability to the smooth muscle mostly due to SOD-1 up regulation.</p

Controle químico e biológico de Mahanarva fimbriolata Stål, 1854 (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) para regiões produtoras de cana-de-açúcar de Mato Grosso do SulChemical and biological control of Mahanarva fimbriolata Stål, 1854 (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål, 1854) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) pode causar prejuízos expressivos em cultivos de cana-de-açúcar sendo necessário empregar inseticidas para o controle das ninfas e adultos da cigarrinha. No entanto, não existem informações sobre a eficiência dos métodos de controle biológico e químico para regiões produtoras de cana-de-açúcar no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul -MS. Por isso, o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a eficiência de inseticidas químico e biológico no controle cigarrinha-da-raiz, em um canavial, situado no município de Angélica - MS. O delineamento experimental foi composto por blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos testados foram: 1) Testemunha (não tratada), 2) Thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®) – 1 Kg ha-1, 3) Metarhizium anisopliae – 10 Kg ha-1 (Biometha G®). As avaliações de eficiência dos tratamentos foram obtidas aos 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após a aplicação (DAA). No tratamento com o inseticida químico, aos 15 e 30 DAA, foi registrada baixa infestação de ninfas e adultos de M. fimbriolata. Aos 45, 60, 75 e 90 DAA foram observadas menores infestações da cigarrinha-da-raiz onde foi utilizado o fungo M. anisopliae. Assim, sugere-se optar pela utilização dos fungos entomopatogênicos para o controle da cigarrinha-da-raiz em cana-de-açúcar.Abstract Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål, 1854) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) can cause significant losses in crops of sugarcane and insecticides are used to the control of nymphs and adults spittlebug. However, there is no information on the effectiveness of biological and chemical methods of control for producing regions of sugarcane in Mato Grosso do Sul State - MS. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of chemical and biological insecticides in the control of leafhopper root in a sugarcane plantation, located in the municipality of Angelica - MS. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three treatments and eight replications. The treatments tested were: 1) control (untreated), 2) Thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®) – 1 Kg ha-1, 3) Metarhizium anisopliae – 10 Kg ha-1 (Biometha G®). The efficiency ratings of treatments obtained at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after application (DAA) were: in treatment with the chemical insecticide, at 15 and 30 DAA, low infestation of nymphs and adults of M. fimbriolata was recorded; at 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAA, it was observed smaller infestations of leafhopper root where the fungus M. anisopliae was used. Thus, it is suggested to opt for the use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of the leafhopper root on sugarcane

ROS suppression by egg white hydrolysate in DOCA-salt rats—An alternative tool against vascular dysfunction in severe hypertension

This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Properties and Potential Mechanisms of Protein Hydrolysates.This study aimed to evaluate the potential for lowering blood pressure and beneficial effects on mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) and conductance vessels (aorta) produced by dietary supplementation of an egg white hydrolysate (EWH) in rats with severe hypertension induced by deoxycorticosterone plus salt treatment (DOCA-salt), as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. The DOCA-salt model presented higher blood pressure, which was significantly reduced by EWH. The impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation and eNOS expression observed in MRA and aorta from DOCA-salt rats was ameliorated by EWH. This effect on vessels (MRA and aorta) was related to the antioxidant effect of EWH, since hydrolysate intake prevented the NF-κB/TNFα inflammatory pathway and NADPH oxidase-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as well as the mitochondrial source of ROS in MRA. At the plasma level, EWH blocked the higher ROS and MDA generation by DOCA-salt treatment, without altering the antioxidant marker. In conclusion, EWH demonstrated an antihypertensive effect in a model of severe hypertension. This effect could be related to its endothelium-dependent vasodilator properties mediated by an ameliorated vessel’s redox imbalance and inflammatory state.This work was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—CNPq [Edital Universal/CNPq No 44181/2014-9 and PQ/CNPq 311834/2020-5]; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul—FAPERGS/Brazil [PQG:19/2551-0001810-0]; Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica; Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa—Universidade Federal do Pampa [N. 20180615102630]; FAPES/CNPq/PRONEX [N. 80598773], Foundation for Research Support of the State of Sao Paulo (FAPESP 2019/08026-5), and Spanish Goverment by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) [AGL2017-89213]; I-COOP+2020 (COOPA 20453). ELA were supported by CAPES/Brazil, CRM by FAPERGS/Brazil and PHD, CTH by Unipampa. LVR are research fellows from CNPq (312237/2021-9).Peer reviewe

Combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae with chemical insecticides and their effectiveness in Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control on sugarcane

Some insecticides can be used jointly with entomopathogenic fungi, and therefore the combi- nation of chemical and biological control measures can be a safe and effective method to con- trol insect pests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the costs and efficacy of combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) with thiameth- oxam and imidacloprid on spittlebug (Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål); Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control on sugarcane. The experiment was conducted as a randomized block design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included a control (untreated), thia- −1 −1 12 −1 methoxam (250 g ha ), imidacloprid (700 g ha ), M. anisopliae (M. a.) (3 × 10 conidia ha ), A1 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 65 g ha −1 of thiamethoxam), A2 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 125 g ha −1 of thiamethoxam), A3 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 187.5 g ha −1 of thiamethoxam), A4 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 175 g ha −1 of imidacloprid), A5 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 350 g ha −1 of imidacloprid), and A6 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 525g ha −1 of imidacloprid). The reductions in the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment compared to the control were similar at 15 DAT (days after treatment) in all treatments except combination A5 (M. anisopliae and thiamethoxam). At 30 DAT, the numbers of nymphs were significantly reduced in all treatments except A3, and their effectiveness ranged from 14.28% to 92.85%. At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha -1 , A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively. At 75 DAT the 2 best control efficacies occurred in treatments A1 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha -1 of + 65g ha -1 of thiamethoxam) (82.1%) and A5 (78.6%) (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha −1 + 350 g ha −1 of imidacloprid). At 90 DAT the number of nymphs in the control had increased 2.8 fold over the number at 75 DAT. Very good control efficacies at 90 DAT occurred in all treatments with the combination of the fungus with an insecticide. At 105 DAT the numbers of nymphs had surged in all treatments, and no treatment provided effective control. The treatments with the highest earnings per hectare were A1 (3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha -1 + 65 g thiamethoxam) and M. anisopliae alone at the recommended dose of 3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha -1 . Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of using either thiamethoxam or imidacloprid in combination with M. anisopliae to control M. fimbriolata nymphs on sugarcane, but greater net earnings per hectare occurred with the lowest rate of the thiamethoxam combination than with any of the imidacloprid combinations.Algunos insecticidas se puede utilizar con hongos entomopatógenos y por lo tanto, la aso- ciación de los controles químico y biológico puede ser una estrategia segura y eficaz para el control de insectos-plaga. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los costos y eficacia de combinaciones de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavi- cipitaceae) con insecticidas thiamethoxam e imidacloprid para el control de la chicharrita (Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål); Hemiptera: Cercopidae) en caña de azúcar . El experimento fue conducido en un delineamiento en bloques casualizados (DBC), con 10 tratamientos y 4 repeticiones. Los tratamientos que incluidos el control (sin tratamiento), thiamethoxam (250 g ha −1 ), imidacloprido (700 g ha −1 ), M. anisopliae (M.a.) (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 ), A1 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 65 g ha −1 de thiamethoxam), A2 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 125g ha −1 de thiamethoxam), A3 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 187.5 g ha −1 de thiamethoxam), A4 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M.a + 175 g ha −1 de imidacloprido), A5 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 350 g ha −1 de imidacloprido) y A6 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 525g ha −1 de imidacloprido). Las reducciones en el número de ninfas M. fimbriolata por tratamiento en comparación con el control fueron similares a los 15 DAT (días pos tratamiento) en todos los tratamientos excepto A5 combinación (M. anisopliae y thiamethoxam). A los 30 DAT, el número de ninfas se redujeron significativamente en todos los tratamientos, excepto A3, y su eficacia varió de 14,28% para 92,85%. A los 45 DAT, los números de ninfas M. fimbriolata por tratamiento se redujeron significativamente en los siguientes tratamientos: imidacloprido solo en 700 g ha -1 , A1, A2, A3, A4 y A6; y las combinaciones de A1 y A2 causaron la más bajo infestaciones de ninfas M. fimbriolata y sus tasas de eficacia fueron de 77,41 y 87,09%, respectivamente. A los 75 DAT, los 2 mejores eficacias de control se produjeron en tratamientos A1 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. + 65 g ha −1 de thiamethoxam) y A5 (78.6%) (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a.+ 350 g ha −1 de imidacloprido). A los 90 DAT, el número de ninfas en el control había aumentado 2,8 veces más el número a 75 DAT. Muy buenas eficacias de control en 90 DAT, se produjo en todos los tratamientos con la combinación del hongo con un insecticida. A los 105 DAT, el número de ninfas habían aumentado en todos los tratamientos, y ningún tratamiento había proporcionado un control efectivo. Los tratamientos con los mayores rendimientos hectárea fueron A1 (3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a.+ 65 g de thiamethoxam) y M. anisopliae solo a la dosis recomendada de 3×10 12 conidios ha −1 de M. a. Nuestros resultados demuestran la eficacia de thiamethoxam y imidacloprido en combinación con M. anisopliae para el control de ninfas M. fimbriolata en caña de azúcar, pero mayores beneficio neto por hectárea se produjeron con la tasa más baja de la combinación de thiamethoxam que con cualquiera de las combinaciones de imidacloprid

Centro de visitantes do Jardim Botânico de Porto Alegre

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Centro de visitantes do Jardim Botânico de Porto Alegre

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Natural Occurrence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) on Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul

Natural occurrence of an entomopathogenic fungus was reported on Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in an area planted with conventional soybeans located in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The caterpillar was collected in the field and taken to the microbiology laboratory of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD) where it remained in a moist chamber for approximately 7 days. Later, the fungus was isolated on culture medium (PDA) for identification of the entomopathogenic species. The fungus was identified as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) and this represents the first record of parasitism of this species on the soybean caterpillar in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Ocorrência Natural de Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) Sobre Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul Resumo. Relata-se a ocorrência natural de um fungo entomopatogênico sobre a lagarta Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em uma área de soja convencional situada no município de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul. A lagarta foi coletada a campo e levada ao laboratório de microbiologia da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), onde permaneceu em câmera úmida por aproximadamente 7 dias. Posteriormente, o fungo foi isolado em meio de cultura (BDA) para identificação da espécie do entomopatógeno. O fungo foi identificado como Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) e, isso representa o primeiro registro de parasitismo, dessa espécie, sobre a lagarta-da-soja no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul