Control de perfiles de temperatura de un horno tipo mufla para procesos de pirólisis

In The energy requirements and economies of scale used for energy applications provide valuable information in studies on the energy transformations of different plastic waste. Proper control of pyrolysis reactors requires mathematical modeling that allows for the establishment of appropriate variables and heating times. This research presents the results of a simulation of a pyrolysis reactor to determine the effect of the physical parameters of the heating system on the time required to reach a maximum temperature that could be controlled. Specialized software (such as CAE and MATLAB) was used for simulation and to compare the temperature profiles obtained through simulation with the temperature record of an actual pyrolysis reactor. The ANSYS simulation was performed in a transient state. The results obtained demonstrate that the simulation process and the heating of the electric furnace lead to the conclusion that the system of equations used in the process is suitable for the availability furnace.Los requerimientos energéticos y las economías de escala usadas para las aplicaciones energéticas aportan valiosa información en los estudios de las transformaciones energéticas de diferentes residuos plásticos. El control adecuado de los reactores de pirolisis requiere de modelamientos matemáticos que permitan establecer variables y tiempos adecuados de calentamiento.  En esta investigación se presentan los resultados de la simulación de un reactor de pirolisis para determinar el efecto de los parámetros físicos del sistema de calentamiento en el tiempo necesario para lograr una temperatura máxima que se pudiera controlar. Se usaron software especializados (Tipo CAE y MATLAB) para la simulación y comparar los perfiles de temperatura obtenidos mediante la simulación y contrastar estos datos con el registro de la temperatura de un reactor de pirolisis. La simulación en ANSYS se efectuó en estado transitorio. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el proceso de simulación y el calentamiento del horno de resistencias eléctricas permiten concluir que el sistema de ecuaciones usado en el proceso se ajusta al horno disponible

Evaluation of the pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis process of palm shell and waste tyres in a CO2 atmosphere

In this manuscript, the effect of various mixture proportions of a lignocellulosic material (palm shell) and waste tyres (a material not easily degraded in natural environmental conditions) subjected to a thermochemical process known as pyrolysis, on the distribution of the different fractions of the reaction products, was analyzed. The mixtures consisted of 20%-80%, 50%-50% and 80%-20% of palm shell and used tyre respectively, which were subjected to a co-pyrolysis, a simultaneous thermochemical decomposition of two biomass sources, and the resulting liquid and solid fractions were characterized. The experiments were carried out using a 0.5 mm-particle size under 500 °C for each pyrolysis run. The raw materials are characterized by proximate and elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in addition to Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Solid and liquid products were also characterized by FTIR, and their calorific value was also determined. The distribution of fractions was made by weight difference between the fractions and the mass fed. The pyrolysis run that obtained the best properties was the mixture of 80% waste tyres and 20% palm shells with a calorific value of 21,117 kJ/kg, obtaining three types of products with the following mass proportions: solid 23.5%, liquid 18.6% and gas 57.9%. It can be concluded that the solid product obtained has a great energy potential, superior than that of dry wood, which is 19,000 kJ/kg

Evaluación de la eficiencia térmica del proceso de gasificación, de los residuos maderables, individuales vs mezcla en un gasificador de lecho fijo en el Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis de Bogotá

: Ante la presente situación de los recursos energéticos como los combustibles fósiles, existe una creciente motivación en múltiples campos en la búsqueda de fuentes limpias, renovables y sostenibles de energía. Una de estas alternativas la representa la biomasa en forma de madera [14], la cual mediante procesos de pirolisis y gasificación se logra convertir en materia prima de combustibles o de compuestos de interés industrial con un balance neutro en emisiones El Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis, es el ente encargado por la administración distrital de ejecutar planes de reforestación en la ciudad de Bogotá. Los residuos resultantes de la operación son utilizados posteriormente como fuente renovable de energía. En sus instalaciones disponen de 2 Gasificadores de lecho fijo, para convertir la biomasa en energía eléctrica mediante el proceso de gasificación con aire. La actividad consiste en recolectar los productos remanentes de la poda de las diferentes especies de árboles de la ciudad, los cuales son posteriormente acondicionados para su transformación en energía, que conectada a la red interna, suple a parte de las instalaciones de la institución. El Jardín Botánico en convenio con la facultad de Ingeniería de Universidad Libre está interesado en generar parámetros de funcionamiento de estos Gasificadores para suministrar energía eléctrica en más 20% de las instalaciones del JBB. Para tal fin se emplean herramientas científicas para la caracterización de dos tipos de biomasa (mezcla de especies de la ciudad y eucalipto) antes y después del proceso, así como la determinación de la eficiencia térmica del proceso con cada una de éstas. Los resultados Muestran diferencias en cuanto a composición, emisiones, poder calorífico, reflejadas en el proceso con cada una de las biomasas empleadas. Así pues que la selección del tipo de biomasa, su tratamiento y el adecuado manejo de las diferentes variables del proceso son determinantes para el efectivo funcionamiento del reactor y la eficiencia del procesoGiven the present situation of energy resources such as fossil fuels, there is a growing motivation in many fields in the search for clean, renewable and sustainable sources of energy. One of these alternatives is the biomass like a wood, which through processes of pyrolysis and gasification can be converted into the raw material of fuels or compounds of industrial interest. The Bogotá Botanical Garden José Celestino Mutis is the entity entrusted by the district administration with executing reforestation plans in the city of Bogotá. Residues resulting from the operation are subsequently used as a renewable source of energy. In its facilities they have 2 fixed bed gasifiers, to convert the biomass into electrical energy through the gasification process with air. The activity consists of collecting the remaining pruning products of the different tree species of the city, which are then conditioned for transformation into energy, which, connected to the internal network, supplies part of the institution's facilities. The Botanical Garden in agreement with the Engineering department of Free University is interested in generating parameters of operation of these Gasifiers to supply electrical energy in more 20% of the facilities of the JBB. For this purpose, scientific tools are used to characterize two types of biomass (species and eucalyptus mix) before and after the process, as well as the determination of the thermal efficiency of the process with each one. The results coincide in differences in the process with each of the biomasses used, since substantial differences are detected in their behavior in the process and in the thermochemical characteristics of each type of biomass used. Therefore, the selection of the biomass type, its treatment and the proper management of the different process variables are determinant for the effective operation of the reactor and the efficiency of the process

Remoción de sulfuros presentes en el agua residual del proceso de curtido mediante cavitación hidrodinámica

(HC), um processo de oxidação avançada, analisado a partir de diferentes parâmetros de funcionamento como o pH inicial da pressão de águas residuais e da entrada para um tempo de resposta fixo de 90 minutos; parâmetros de projeto foram estabelecidos através da utilização de dois protótipos, variando o número e o diâmetro dos furos no ponto de estrangulamento com o objetivo de determinar as condições ideais para o tratamento deste tipo de contaminante do reator a águas residuais. Obteve um máximo de afastamento de 32,6% da concentração inicial de enxofre sem aplicar qualquer catalisador ou reagente químico; da mesma forma um análise custo-benefício devido a eficiência da tecnologia aplicada em comparação com a energia necessária pelo reator utilizado, mostrando uma diminuição de 198% do custo total do tratamento atual. Finalmente, cavitação hidrodinâmica é uma tecnologia sustentável para o indústria de curtimento de couro.El sulfuro presente en el agua residual de la industria del curtido de cueros proviene de la operación de pelambre (depilado de la piel) en concentraciones que afectan significativamente la calidad del agua del cuerpo receptor debido a la toxicidad del vertimiento produciendo la mortandad de flora y fauna, responsable de la presencia de olores desagradables en el cauce y la notable disminución del oxígeno disuelto en el agua del afluente. En la presente investigación, la remoción de sulfuro es evaluada empleando la técnica cavitación hidrodinámica (CH), un proceso de oxidación avanzada analizado desde diferentes parámetros de operación como pH inicial del agua residual y presión de entrada para un tiempo de reacción fijo de 90 minutos; parámetros de diseño fueron establecidos mediante el uso de dos prototipos, variando el número y diámetro de orificios en el punto de estrangulamiento con el objetivo de determinar las condiciones óptimas del reactor para el tratamiento de este tipo de contaminante en las aguas residuales. Se obtuvo una remoción máxima del 32,6 % de la concentración inicial de sulfuro sin aplicar algún tipo de catalizador o reactivo químico; de igual modo se realizó un análisis costobeneficio debido a la eficiencia de la tecnología aplicada en comparación con la energía requerida por el reactor empleado, donde se observa una disminución del 198 % del costo total del tratamiento actual. Finalmente, la cavitación hidrodinámica es una tecnología sustentable para la industria del curtido de cueros.Sulfide present in the wastewater from industrial tanneries is resulting from unhairing (depilated of the skin) in concentrations that affects significantly the water system due to its toxicity, producing the mortality of flora and fauna, responsible for the presence of unpleasant odors in the riverbed and decreasing the dissolve oxygen in the water of the receiver stream. In the present research, removal of sulfide is evaluated using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC). An advanced technology is analyzed by different parameters as initial pH solution and inlet pressure, set in two prototypes established for a reaction time of 90 minutes. Design parameters as number and diameter of holes in the constriction are estimated according on the degradation extent with the objective of knowing best reactor characteristics for wastewater treatment applying this technique. A maximum extent of sulfide oxidation of 32.6% was reached without using any further reagents; cost – benefit analysis had been discussed in the present investigation due to the enhance of cavitation hydrodynamic reached compared with the energy required by the reactor observing a shortfall of 198% related with the conventional treatment, HC was found as a sustainable technology for tannery industries

Caracterización de Materiales lignocelulósicos residuales de palma de aceite y palma de coco para la fabricación de pellets

In this project was investigated the densification process waste palm oil and coconut in the preparation of pellets, which were evaluated as alternative fuels. For this study, were used two particle sizes and proportions of mixture between the particle size and the type of biomass (fiber or stone). The research reported that the two biomass are suitable as energy sources, however, coconut pellets showed no good compaction, that is to say, that problems will arise at the moment of your storage and transportation. In addition, its calorific value is lower compared to that obtained with the pellet of biomass oil palm (about 17,186.81 kJ/kg). Of equal form one finds solution to excess waste and air pollution caused by greenhouse gases.En este proyecto se investigó el proceso de densificación de residuos de palma de aceite y de palma de coco en la elaboración de pellets, los cuales se evaluaron como combustibles alternativos. Para el estudio se utilizaron dos tamaños de partícula y unas proporciones de mezcla entre el tamaño de partícula y el tipo de biomasa (fibra o cuesco). La investigación reportó que las dos biomasas son adecuadas como fuentes energéticas, no obstante, los pellets de palma de coco no presentaron una buena compactación, es decir, que se presentarán problemas a la hora de su almacenamiento y transporte. Además, su poder calorífico es inferior frente al obtenido con los pellet de biomasa de palma de aceite (alrededor de 17,186.81 kJ/kg). De igual forma se encuentra una solución al exceso de residuos y a la contaminación atmosférica producida por los gases de efecto invernader

Extinction risk of Mesoamerican crop wild relatives

Ensuring food security is one of the world's most critical issues as agricultural systems are already being impacted by global change. Crop wild relatives (CWR)—wild plants related to crops—possess genetic variability that can help adapt agriculture to a changing environment and sustainably increase crop yields to meet the food security challenge. Here we report the results of an extinction risk assessment of 224 wild relatives of some of the world's most important crops (i.e. chilli pepper, maize, common bean, avocado, cotton, potato, squash, vanilla and husk tomato) in Mesoamerica—an area of global significance as a centre of crop origin, domestication and of high CWR diversity. We show that 35% of the selected CWR taxa are threatened with extinction according to The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List demonstrates that these valuable genetic resources are under high anthropogenic threat. The dominant threat processes are land use change for agriculture and farming, invasive and other problematic species (e.g. pests, genetically modified organisms) and use of biological resources, including overcollection and logging. The most significant drivers of extinction relate to smallholder agriculture—given its high incidence and ongoing shifts from traditional agriculture to modern practices (e.g. use of herbicides)—smallholder ranching and housing and urban development and introduced genetic material. There is an urgent need to increase knowledge and research around different aspects of CWR. Policies that support in situ and ex situ conservation of CWR and promote sustainable agriculture are pivotal to secure these resources for the benefit of current and future generations

Caracterización de Materiales lignocelulósicos residuales de palma de aceite y palma de coco para la fabricación de pellets

In this project was investigated the densification process waste palm oil and coconut in the preparation of pellets, which were evaluated as alternative fuels. For this study, were used two particle sizes and proportions of mixture between the particle size and the type of biomass (fiber or stone). The research reported that the two biomass are suitable as energy sources, however, coconut pellets showed no good compaction, that is to say, that problems will arise at the moment of your storage and transportation. In addition, its calorific value is lower compared to that obtained with the pellet of biomass oil palm (about 17,186.81 kJ/kg). Of equal form one finds solution to excess waste and air pollution caused by greenhouse gases.En este proyecto se investigó el proceso de densificación de residuos de palma de aceite y de palma de coco en la elaboración de pellets, los cuales se evaluaron como combustibles alternativos. Para el estudio se utilizaron dos tamaños de partícula y unas proporciones de mezcla entre el tamaño de partícula y el tipo de biomasa (fibra o cuesco). La investigación reportó que las dos biomasas son adecuadas como fuentes energéticas, no obstante, los pellets de palma de coco no presentaron una buena compactación, es decir, que se presentarán problemas a la hora de su almacenamiento y transporte. Además, su poder calorífico es inferior frente al obtenido con los pellet de biomasa de palma de aceite (alrededor de 17,186.81 kJ/kg). De igual forma se encuentra una solución al exceso de residuos y a la contaminación atmosférica producida por los gases de efecto invernader

Caracterización de Materiales lignocelulósicos residuales de palma de aceite y palma de coco para la fabricación de pellets

In this project was investigated the densification process waste palm oil and coconut in the preparation of pellets, which were evaluated as alternative fuels. For this study, were used two particle sizes and proportions of mixture between the particle size and the type of biomass (fiber or stone). The research reported that the two biomass are suitable as energy sources, however, coconut pellets showed no good compaction, that is to say, that problems will arise at the moment of your storage and transportation. In addition, its calorific value is lower compared to that obtained with the pellet of biomass oil palm (about 17,186.81 kJ/kg). Of equal form one finds solution to excess waste and air pollution caused by greenhouse gases.En este proyecto se investigó el proceso de densificación de residuos de palma de aceite y de palma de coco en la elaboración de pellets, los cuales se evaluaron como combustibles alternativos. Para el estudio se utilizaron dos tamaños de partícula y unas proporciones de mezcla entre el tamaño de partícula y el tipo de biomasa (fibra o cuesco). La investigación reportó que las dos biomasas son adecuadas como fuentes energéticas, no obstante, los pellets de palma de coco no presentaron una buena compactación, es decir, que se presentarán problemas a la hora de su almacenamiento y transporte. Además, su poder calorífico es inferior frente al obtenido con los pellet de biomasa de palma de aceite (alrededor de 17,186.81 kJ/kg). De igual forma se encuentra una solución al exceso de residuos y a la contaminación atmosférica producida por los gases de efecto invernader

Libro de Proyectos Finales 2021 primer semestre

PregradoIngeniero CivilIngeniero de SistemasIngeniero ElectricistaIngeniero ElectrónicoIngeniero IndustrialIngeniero Mecánic

Mexican Asthma Guidelines: GUIMA 2017

Background: The need for a national guideline, with a broad basis among specialists and primary care physicians was felt in Mexico, to try unifying asthma management. As several high-quality asthma guidelines exist worldwide, it was decided to select the best three for transculturation. Methods: Following the internationally recommended methodology for guideline transculturation, ADAPTE, a literature search for asthma guidelines, published 1-1-2007 through 31-12-2015 was conducted. AGREE-II evaluations yielded 3/40 most suitable for transculturation. Their compound evidence was fused with local reality, patient preference, cost and safety considerations to draft the guideline document. Subsequently, this was adjusted by physicians from 12 national medical societies in several rounds of a Delphi process and 3 face-to-face meetings to reach the final version. Results: Evidence was fused from British Thoracic Society Asthma Guideline 2014, Global Initiative on Asthma 2015, and Guía Española del Manejo del Asma 2015 (2016 updates included). After 3 Delphi-rounds we developed an evidence-based document taking into account patient characteristics, including age, treatment costs and safety and best locally available medication. Conclusion: In cooperation pulmonologists, allergists, ENT physicians, paediatricians and GPs were able to develop an evidence-based document for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of asthma and its exacerbations in Mexico