Seasonal tropical cyclone forecasts

Seasonal forecasts of tropical cyclone activity in various regions have been developed since the first attempts in the early 1980s by Neville Nicholls (1979) for the Australian region and William Gray (1984(a), (b)) for the North Atlantic region. Over time, forecasts for different regions, using differing methodologies, have been developed. Tourism in various regions, such as the US Gulf and East Coasts and the Caribbean, is impacted by these seasonal forecasts. Insurance and re-insurance companies also make use of seasonal forecasts in their policy decisions. It is fundamental to provide these users with information about the accuracy of seasonal forecasts. Seasonal forecasts have limited use for emergency managers, because of the lack of skill in predicting impacts at the city or county level

Spin density wave dislocation in chromium probed by coherent x-ray diffraction

We report on the study of a magnetic dislocation in pure chromium. Coherent x-ray diffraction profiles obtained on the incommensurate Spin Density Wave (SDW) reflection are consistent with the presence of a dislocation of the magnetic order, embedded at a few micrometers from the surface of the sample. Beyond the specific case of magnetic dislocations in chromium, this work may open up a new method for the study of magnetic defects embedded in the bulk.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure

Nutrição mineral de hortaliças XXX: absorção de micronutrientes por quatro cultivares de morangueiro (Fragaria sp.)

The aim of this work was to estimate the differences in nutrients uptake and exportation of micronutrients by the fallowings cultivars: Campinas (IAC-2712), Camanducaia (IAC-3530); Monte Alegre (IAC-3113) and SH-2. The experimental was carried out in a soil - Terra Roxa Extruturada type, "Luiz de Queiroz", serie. The experimental design was that randomized blocks with four replications and analysed together following the design of split-plot. The soil of the plots were revolved to a deep of 12 cm. following application of 10 kg. organic matter/m². The fertilizers were applied in the groove and in the same amount for all cultivars: Ammonium sulfate (20% N); triple superpohsphate (20% P2O5); potassium chloride (60% K2O). Thirty days of ter planting, 10 g./plant of ammonium sulfate was applied. After 76 days from planting, the first sample was taken. Other samples were taken in equal intervals of 20 days, up to 216 days. The samples were devided into stems, leaves and fruits. Chemical analysis were sun for B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The followings conclusions could be drawn. The were differences our micronutrients content in stems and leaves among the cultivares (B, Cu, Fe, Zn) and in the fruits for B, Cu and Fe.Efetuou-se um estudo para avaliar a absorção e a extração de B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn nos cultivares Campinas (IAC-2712), Camanducaia (IAC-3530), Monte Alegre (IAC-3113), SH-2 em condições de Campo. O ensaio foi instalado em um solo pertencente ao grande grupo Terra Roxa Extruturada, na série "Luiz de Queiroz" em Piracicaba, SP. A adubação empregada foi uniforme para todos os cultivares e constou em 10 g/m linear de sulfato de amônio, superfosfato triplo e cloreto de ptoássio. Trinta dias após o transplante foram aplicados 10 g de sulfato de amônio por planta. As plantas foram amostradas aos 16 dias após o transplante e as demais amostragens feitas em intervalos regalares de vinte dias até aos 216 dias. As plantas foram divididas em caules (pecíolo + coroa), folhas e frutos e analisadas para B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os cultivares diferem na absorção de Cu, Fe, Mm e Zn para caules, folhas e em B, Cu e Fe para os frutos. Os cultivares exportam em quantidades diferentes os micronutrientes, obedecendo a seguinte ordem decrescente: F, Zn, B, Mn e Cu

Flavonoid supplementation affects the expression of genes involved in cell wall formation and lignification metabolism and increases sugar content and saccharification in the fast-growing eucalyptus hybrid E. urophylla x E. grandis

BackgroundEucalyptus species are the most widely planted hardwood species in the world and are renowned for their rapid growth and adaptability. In Brazil, one of the most widely grown Eucalyptus cultivars is the fast-growing Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid. In a previous study, we described a chemical characterization of these hybrids when subjected to flavonoid supplementation on 2 distinct timetables, and our results revealed marked differences between the wood composition of the treated and untreated trees.ResultsIn this work, we report the transcriptional responses occurring in these trees that may be related to the observed chemical differences. Gene expression was analysed through mRNA-sequencing, and notably, compared to control trees, the treated trees display differential down-regulation of cell wall formation pathways such as phenylpropanoid metabolism as well as differential expression of genes involved in sucrose, starch and minor CHO metabolism and genes that play a role in several stress and environmental responses. We also performed enzymatic hydrolysis of wood samples from the different treatments, and the results indicated higher sugar contents and glucose yields in the flavonoid-treated plants.ConclusionsOur results further illustrate the potential use of flavonoids as a nutritional complement for modifying Eucalyptus wood, since, supplementation with flavonoids alters its chemical composition, gene expression and increases saccharification probably as part of a stress response.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-014-0301-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users