EFEITOS DO CARBOFURANO, METSULFUROM-METÍLICO E AZINSULFUROM NA SOBREVIVÊNCIA DE CARPAS E PRODUÇÃO DE ARROZ E PEIXES EM RIZIPISCICULTURA

This study was carried out to evaluate the fingerlings carps survival exposure to carbofuran, metsulfuron-methyl and azimsulfuron in rice-fish culture, as well as irrigate rice and fish production. Common, grass and bighead fingerlings carps were exposed to carbofuran, metsulfuron-methyl and azimsulfuron agrochemicals in pre-germinated rice production system with continual flooding water management during 2003/04 and 2004/05 growing season. Randomized complete block design with eight treatments and four repetitions, associating carps under the presence and absent of agrochemicals. Seven days after agrochemicals application, fingerlings carps were put in the area and it was verified that agrochemicals did not affect these survival. Due to use of continual flooding water management system, the rice yield grain is not affected by agrochemicals utilization.Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a sobrevivência de alevinos de carpas expostas a carbofuran, metsulfuron-metílico e azimsulfuron em rizipiscicultura, bem como a produção de arroz irrigado e peixes. Foram utilizados alevinos de carpas húngara, capim e cabeça grande expostos aos agroquímicos em sistema pré-germinado de produção de arroz com manejo adequado de lâmina de água contínua durante os anos agrícolas de 2003/04 e 2004/05. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições, associando carpas sob a presença ou ausência de agroquímicos. Sete dias após a aplicação dos agroquímicos os alevinos de carpas foram colocados na área e foi verificado que os agroquímicos não afetam a sobrevivência destes. Devido a utilização de lâmina contínua de água no sistema a produção de grãos de arroz não foi afetada pela utilização de agroquímicos

EFEITO DA APLICAÇÃO DE HERBICIDAS SUPOSTAMENTE ANTAGÔNICOS SOBRE PLANTAS DE ARROZ SUSCETÍVEIS A INIBIDORES DA ENZIMA ACCASE

The control of weedy rice has been widely studied in weed science. However, gene flow from Clearfield rice (CL) to weedy rice has damaged the efficiency of the CL production system. A new rice crop that is resistant to ACCase inhibitor herbicides will be launched in the next year on the market, representing another tool for managing weedy rice in irrigated rice crops. In addition to using this tool, there is a need to increase the spectrum of herbicide treatments to control the diversity of weed species in irrigated rice crops. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of latifolicidal herbicides on the graminicide action of quizalofop on cultivated rice as an indicator plant in the simulation of weedy rice. An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Epagri – Experimental Station of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil. There was a reduction in the efficiency of rice control for all evaluated doses of quizalofop associated with 2,4-D.O controle do arroz-daninho tem sido foco de pesquisas na área de herbologia. Contudo, a ocorrência de fluxo gênico do arroz Clearfield (CL) para a espécie daninha tem resultado em perda na eficiencia do sistema de produção CL. Uma nova cultivar de arroz, resistente a herbicidas inibidores da ACCase, será lançada no mercado e se constitui em mais uma ferramenta para o manejo do arroz-daninho em lavouras de arroz irrigado. Aliada a essa ferramenta, existe a necessidade de aumento no espectro dos tratamentos herbicidas para o controle da diversidade de espécies de plantas daninhas infestantes nas lavouras de arroz irirgado. O objetivo deste estudo foi elucidar o efeito de herbicidas latifolicidas na ação graminicida do quizalofop sobre o arroz cultivado como planta indicadora na simulação de arroz-daninho. Foi realizado um experimento, em casa de vegetação na Epagri-Estação Experimental de Itajaí (SC). Os resultados obtidos indicam que houve redução da eficiência de controle do arroz em todas as doses avaliadas das associações de quizalofop com 2,4-D

Monitoramento de herbicidas em dois rios brasileiros durante o período de cultivo do arroz

No cultivo de arroz irrigado a possibilidade de contaminação dos mananciais hídricos é ampliada pelas características peculiares das áreas e do sistema de produção. Um estudo de monitoramento foi conduzido durante três anos (2000 a 2003), nos rios Vacacaí e Vacacaí-Mirim, localizados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, buscando quantificar os herbicidas clomazone, propanil e quinclorac durante o período de cultivo do arroz. As amostras de água foram coletadas em vários locais em cada rio. Os locais de coleta foram selecionados pela importância em termos da captação da água de drenagem. As amostras foram analisadas por HPLC-UV. Herbicidas foram detectados nas águas dos rios durante no período de cultivo do arroz. Foi detectada a presença de pelo menos um herbicida em 41% das amostras no rio Vacacaí e 33% das amostras no rio Vacacaí-Mirim. O herbicida clomazone, foi detectado com maior freqüência nos dois rios. A quantidade de herbicida nas águas dos rios foi dependente do regime de chuva. A contaminação das águas dos rios pelos herbicidas utilizados no arroz provavelemente é decorrente do manejo de água adotado na região. A manutenção de áreas inundadas propicia a contaminação do ambiente por herbicidas. Para reduzir o risco de contaminação ambiental faz-se necessário à adoção de medidas que evitem a saída e liberação da água com resíduo das áreas de cultivo, mantendo-a na lavoura durante o tempo suficente para a redução da concentração do herbicida. A probabilidade de extravasamento pode ser reduzida com a melhor construção das taipas-ronda.Irrigated rice production can involve environmental contamination with pesticides due to the proximity of the fields to rivers and to management problems. During three years (2000 to 2003) the rice herbicides clomazone, propanil and quinclorac were quantified in water during the rice growing season, in the Vacacaí and Vacacaí-Mirim Rivers, located in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State, Brazil. Water samples were taken at several locations in each river, selected by their importance in terms of rice drainage area. The samples were analyzed by HPLC-UV. At least one herbicide was detected in 41% of the samples from the Vacacaí River and 33% from the Vacacaí-Mirim River. The most frequent herbicide in both rivers and in each year was clomazone. The amount of herbicides in the river water was dependent on the rainfall regime. River water contamination by rice herbicides is probably caused by the rice water management used in the fields. The maintenance of flooded areas makes herbicides prone to contaminate the environment. To reduce the environmental contamination risk it is necessary to adopt measures to avoid overflow of flooded rice fields, keeping paddy water in the field for time enough to reduce the herbicide concentration before its release and enhancing the quality of the levees to reduce the probability of paddy rice overflow

Florpyrauxifen-Benzyl selectivity to rice in brazilian conditions

Florpyrauxifen-benzyl (FPB) is a new class of auxinic herbicide developed for selective weed control in rice. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions, P450 inhibitors, rice cultivar response, and gene expression on FPB selectivity in rice. Field experiments established in a randomized block design showed that rice plant injury due to two FPB rates (30 and 60 g ai ha−1) was affected by planting time and rice stage at herbicide application. The injury was higher at the earliest planting season and more in younger plants (V2) than larger (V6 and R0). However, no yield reduction was detected. Under greenhouse conditions, two dose-response experiments in a randomized block design showed that spraying malathion (1 kg ha−1) before FPB application did not reduce herbicide selectivity. The addition of two P450 inhibitors (dietholate and piperonyl butoxide, 10 g a.i. seed-kg−1 and 4.2 kg ai ha−1, respectively) decreased the doses to cause 50% of plant injury (ED50) and growth reduction (GR50). However, it seems not to compromise crop selectivity. Pampeira cultivar showed lower ED50 and GR50 than IRGA 424 RI. A growth chamber experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate the gene expression of rice plants sprayed with FPB (30 and 60 g ai ha−1). Results showed downregulation of OsWAKL21.2, an esterase probably related to bio-activation of FPB-ester. However, no effect was detected on CYP71A21 monooxygenase and OsGSTL transferase, enzymes probably related to FPB degradation. Further research should focus on understanding FBP bio-activation as the selective mechanism

Rapid reduction of herbicide susceptibility in junglerice by recurrent selection with sublethal dose of herbicides and heat stress

Global climate change, specifically rising temperature, can alter the molecular physiology of weedy plants. These changes affect herbicide efficacy and weed management. This research aimed to investigate the combined effect of heat stress (HS) and sublethal doses of herbicides (four active ingredients) on adaptive gene expression and efficacy of herbicide on Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (junglerice). Three factors were evaluated; factor A was E. colona generation (G0-original population from susceptible standard; G1 and G2 were progenies of recurrent selection), factor B was herbicide treatment (florpyrauxifen-benzyl, glufosinate-ammonium, imazethapyr, quinclorac and nontreated check) and factor C was HS (30 and 45 ◦C). The herbicides were applied at 0.125× the recommended dose. Recurrent exposure to HS, combined with sublethal doses of herbicides, favors the selection of plants less susceptible to the herbicide. Upregulation of defense (antioxidant) genes (APX: Ascorbate peroxidase), herbicide detoxification genes (CYP450 family: Cytochrome P450), stress acclimation genes (HSP: Heat shock protein, TPP: Trehalose phosphate phosphatase and TPS: Trehalose phosphate synthase) and genes related to herbicide conjugation (UGT: UDP Glucosyltransferase) was significant. The positive regulation of these genes may promote increased tolerance of E. colona to these herbicides

Acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity in carp brain and muscle after acute exposure to diafuran

Sublethal adverse effects may result from exposure of aquatic organisms to insecticides at environmentally relevant concentrations. Fingerlings of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes, 1844), and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis, Richardson, 1845) were exposed to diafuran, an insecticide widely used during rice cultivation in Southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between the lethal concentration (LC50) of diafuran and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain and muscle tissues of these species as a possible early biomarker of exposure to this insecticide. LC50 was determined for fish exposed to diafuran concentrations during 96 h (short term): common carp: control, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg L-1; grass carp: control, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 3.5 mg L-1 and, bighead carp: control, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg L-1, as well as the determination of AChE at concentrations near LC50 for these species. LC50 values (nominal concentrations) were 1.81 mg L-1 for the common carp, 2.71 mg L-1 for the grass carp and, 2.37 mg L-1 for the bighead carp. All carps exposed to diafuran were lethargic (lower concentrations) or immobile. Diafuran inhibited the acetylcholinesterase activity in brain (~38%) and muscle (~50%) of all species. Muscle of bighead carp under control treatment showed higher specific AChE activity than brain (14.44 against 5.94 µmol min-1 g protein-1, respectively). Concentrations of diafuran used for rice cropping may affect Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Aristichthys nobilis behaviors and the AChE activities in brain and muscle of these species may be an early biomarker of toxicity of this insecticide.Exposição a inseticidas em concentrações elevadas no ambiente podem ocasionar efeitos adversos subletais em organismos aquáticos. Alevinos de carpa húngara (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758), carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella, Valenciennes, 1844) e carpa cabeça grande (Aristichthys nobilis, Richardson, 1845) foram expostos ao diafuran, um inseticida utilizado na cultura do arroz no sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre concentração letal mediana (CL50) do diafuran e a atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase (AChE) em cérebro e músculo dessas espécies, como um possível biomarcador inicial da exposição a este inseticida. A CL50 foi determinada com peixes expostos a concentrações de diafuran em 96 h: carpa húngara: controle; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5 e 3,0 mg L-1; carpa capim: controle; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 3,5 mg L-1 e carpa cabeça grande: controle; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0 mg L-1, bem como a determinação da AChE em concentrações próximas da CL50 para essas espécies. Valores de CL50 (concentrações nominais) foram de 1,81 mg L-1 para carpa húngara, 2,71 mg L-1 para carpa capim e 2,37 mg L-1 para carpa cabeça grande. Todas as carpas expostas ao diafuran estavam letárgicas (menores concentrações) ou imóveis. Diafuran inibiu significativamente a atividade da AChE em cérebro (~38 %) e músculo (~50 %) de todas as espécies estudadas. Atividade da AChE em músculo para carpa cabeça grande foi mais alta que cérebro (14,44 contra 5,94 µmol min-1 g proteína-1, respectivamente). Este estudo demonstrou que concentrações de diafuran utilizadas na cultura do arroz podem afetar o comportamento de Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella e Aristichthys nobilis, e a atividade da acetilcolinesterase cerebral e muscular pode ser um biomarcador inicial de toxicidade deste inseticida

High [CO2] and Temperature Increase Resistance to Cyhalofop-Butyl in Multiple-Resistant Echinochloa colona

Changes in the environment, specifically rising temperature and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2], can alter the growth and physiology of weedy plants. These changes could alter herbicide efficacy, crop-weed interaction, and weed management. The objectives of this research were to quantify the effects of increased atmospheric [CO2] and temperature on absorption, translocation and efficacy of cyhalofop-butyl on multiple-resistant (MR) and susceptible (S) Echinochloa colona genotypes. E. colona, or junglerice, is a troublesome weed in rice and in agronomic and horticultural crops worldwide. Cyhalofop-butyl is a grass herbicide that selectively controls Echinochloa spp. in rice. Maximum 14C-cyhalofop-butyl absorption occurred at 120 h after herbicide treatment (HAT) with >97% of cyhalofop-butyl retained in the treated leaf regardless of [CO2], temperature, or genotype. Neither temperature nor [CO2] affected herbicide absorption into the leaf. The translocation of herbicide was slightly reduced in the MR plants vs. S plants either under elevated [CO2] or high temperature. Although plants grown under high [CO2] or high temperature were taller than those in ambient conditions, neither high [CO2] nor high temperature reduced the herbicide efficacy on susceptible plants. However, herbicide efficacy was reduced on MR plants grown under high [CO2] or high temperature about 50% compared to MR plants at ambient conditions. High [CO2] and high temperature increased the resistance level of MR E. colona to cyhalofop-butyl. To mitigate rapid resistance evolution under a changing climate, weed management practitioners must implement measures to reduce the herbicide selection pressure. These measures include reduction of weed population size through reduction of the soil seedbank, ensuring complete control of current infestations with multiple herbicide modes of action in mixture and in sequence, augmenting herbicides with mechanical control where possible, rotation with weed-competitive crops, use of weed-competitive cultivars, use of weed-suppressive cover crops, and other practices recommended for integrated weed management