132 research outputs found
Uniform-Velocity Spacetime Crystals
We perform a comprehensive analysis of uniform-velocity bilayer spacetime
crystals, combining concepts of conventional photonic crystallography and
special relativity. Given that a spacetime crystal consists of a sequence of
spacetime discontinuities, we do this by solving the following sequence of
problems: 1) the spacetime interface, 2) the double spacetime interface, or
spacetime slab, 3) the unbounded crystal, and 4) the truncated crystal. For
these problems, we present the following respective new results: 1) an
extension of the Stokes principle to spacetime interfaces, 2) an
interference-based analysis of the interference phenomenology, 3) a quick
linear approximation of the dispersion diagrams, a description of simultaneous
wavenumber and frequency bandgaps, and 4) the explanation of the effects of
different types of spacetime crystal truncations, and the corresponding
scattering coefficients. This work may constitute the foundation for a
virtually unlimited number of novel canonical spacetime media and metamaterial
problems
Quasi-discrete microwave solitons in a split ring resonator-based left-handed coplanar waveguide
We study the propagation of quasi-discrete microwave solitons in a nonlinear
left-handed coplanar waveguide coupled with split ring resonators. By
considering the relevant transmission line analogue, we derive a nonlinear
lattice model which is studied analytically by means of a quasi-discrete
approximation. We derive a nonlinear Schr{\"o}dinger equation, and find that
the system supports bright envelope soliton solutions in a relatively wide
subinterval of the left-handed frequency band. We perform systematic numerical
simulations, in the framework of the nonlinear lattice model, to study the
propagation properties of the quasi-discrete microwave solitons. Our numerical
findings are in good agreement with the analytical predictions, and suggest
that the predicted structures are quite robust and may be observed in
experiments
Photonic Gap Antennas Based on High Index-Contrast Slot-Waveguides
Optical antennas made of low-loss dielectrics have several advantages over
plasmonic antennas, including high radiative quantum efficiency, negligible
heating and excellent photostability. However, due to weak spatial confinement,
conventional dielectric antennas fail to offer light-matter interaction
strengths on par with those of plasmonic antennas. We propose here an
all-dielectric antenna configuration that can support strongly confined modes
() while maintaining unity antenna quantum
efficiency. This configuration consists of a high-index pillar structure with a
transverse gap that is filled with a low-index material, where the contrast of
indices induces a strong enhancement of the electric field perpendicular to the
gap. We provide a detailed explanation of the operation principle of such
Photonic Gap Antennas (PGAs) based on the dispersion relation of symmetric and
asymmetric horizontal slot-waveguides. To discuss the properties of PGAs, we
consider silicon pillars with air or CYTOP as the gap-material. We show by
full-wave simulations that PGAs with an emitter embedded in the gap can enhance
the spontaneous emission rate by a factor of 1000 for air gaps and
400 for CYTOP gaps over a spectral bandwidth of
nm at \textmu m. Furthermore, the PGAs can be designed to
provide unidirectional out-of-plane radiation across a substantial portion of
their spectral bandwidth. This is achieved by setting the position of the gap
at an optimized off-centered position of the pillar so as to properly break the
vertical symmetry of the structure. We also demonstrate that, when acting as
receivers, PGAs can lead to a near-field intensity enhancement by a factor of
3000 for air gaps and 1200 for CYTOP gaps
Signature of strong atom-cavity interaction on critical coupling
We study a critically coupled cavity doped with resonant atoms with
metamaterial slabs as mirrors. We show how resonant atom-cavity interaction can
lead to a splitting of the critical coupling dip. The results are explained in
terms of the frequency and lifetime splitting of the coupled system.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Wave Energy Amplification in a Metamaterial based Traveling Wave Structure
We consider the interaction between a particle beam and a propagating
electromagnetic wave in the presence of a metamaterial. We show that the
introduction of a metamaterial gives rise to a novel dispersion curve which
determines a unique wave particle relationship, via the frequency dependence of
the metamaterial and the novel ability of metamaterials to exhibit simultaneous
negative permittivity and permeability. Using a modified form of Madey's
theorem we find that the novel dispersion of the metamaterial leads to a
amplification of the EM wave power
Three-Dimensional Nanotransmission Lines at Optical Frequencies: A Recipe for Broadband Negative-Refraction Optical Metamaterials
Here we apply the optical nanocircuit concepts to design and analyze in
detail a three-dimensional (3-D) plasmonic nanotransmission line network that
may act as a negative-refraction broadband metamaterial at infrared and optical
frequencies. After discussing the heuristic concepts at the basis of our
theory, we show full-wave analytical results of the expected behavior of such
materials, which show increased bandwidth and relative robustness to losses.
The possibility and constraints of getting a 3-D fully isotropic response is
also explored and conditions for minimal losses and increased bandwidth are
discussed. Full-wave analytical results for some design examples employing
realistic plasmonic materials at infrared and optical frequencies are also
presented, and a case of sub-wavelength imaging system using a slab of this
material is numerically investigated.Comment: 70 pages, 15 figure
Automated synthesis of transmission lines loaded with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) and open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs) through aggressive space mapping (ASM)
This paper is focused on the application of space mapping optimization to the automated synthesis of
transmission lines loaded with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) and open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs). These structures are of interest for the implementation of resonant-type metamaterial transmission lines and for the design of planar microwave circuits based on such complementary resonators. The paper presents a method to generate the layouts of CSRR- and
OCSRR-loaded microstrip lines from the elements of their equivalent circuit models. Using the so-called aggressive space mapping, a specific implementation that uses quasi-Newton type iteration, we have developed synthesis algorithms that are able to provide the topology of these CSRR and OCSRR-loaded lines in few steps. The most relevant aspect, however, is that this synthesis process is completely
automatic, i.e., it does not require any action from the designers, other than initiating the algorithm. Moreover, this technique can be translated to other electrically small planar elements described by lumped element equivalent circuit models.This work has been partially supported by MICIIN-Spain (Projects TEC2010-17512 METATRANSFER, TEC2010-21520-C04-01 AVANSAT, CONSOLIDER EMET CSD2008-00066, and Grant AP2008-04707), Generalitat de Catalunya (Project 2009SGR-421), and MITyC-Spain (Project TSI-020100-2010-169 METASINTESIS). Ferran Martin is in debt to ICREA for supporting his work through an ICREA Academia Award (calls 2008 and 2013).Selga, J.; RodrÃguez Pérez, AM.; Orellana, M.; Boria Esbert, VE.; MartÃn, F. (2014). Automated synthesis of transmission lines loaded with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) and open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs) through aggressive space mapping (ASM). Applied Physics A. 117(2):557-565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8703-xS5575651172G.V. Eleftheriades, K.G. Balmain, Negative Refraction Metamaterials: Fundamental Principles and Applications (Wiley, New Jersey, 2005)C. Caloz, T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications (Wiley, New Jersey, 2006)R. Marqués, F. MartÃn, M. Sorolla, Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design and Microwave Applications (Wiley, New Jersey, 2008)F. MartÃn, Artificial Transmission Lines for RF and Microwave Applications. (Wiley, New Jersey) (to be published)M.A. Antoniades, G.V. Eleftheriades, A broadband series power divider using zero-degree metamaterial phase shifting lines. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 15, 808–810 (2005)H. Okabe, C. Caloz, T. Itoh, A compact enhanced bandwidth hybrid ring using an artificial lumped element left handed transmission line section. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 52, 798–804 (2004)G. Sisó, J. Bonache, M. Gil, F. MartÃn, Application of resonant-type metamaterial transmission lines to the design of enhanced bandwidth components with compact dimensions. Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 50, 127–134 (2008)I.H. Lin, M. De Vincentis, C. Caloz, T. Itoh, Arbitrary dual-band components using composite right/left handed transmission lines. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 52, 1142–1149 (2004)A.C. Papanastasiou, G.E. Georghiou, G.V. Eleftheriades, A quad-band Wilkinson power divider using generalized NRI transmission lines. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 18, 521–523 (2008)M. Durán-Sindreu, G. Sisó, J. Bonache, F. MartÃn, Planar multi-band microwave components based on the generalized composite right/left handed transmission line concept. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 58(12), 3882–3891 (2010)J. Bonache, I. Gil, J. GarcÃa-GarcÃa, F. MartÃn, Novel microstrip band pass filters based on complementary split ring resonators. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 54, 265–271 (2006)M. Gil, J. Bonache, J. GarcÃa-GarcÃa, J. Martel, F. MartÃn, Composite right/left handed (CRLH) metamaterial transmission lines based on complementary split rings resonators (CSRRs) and their applications to very wide band and compact filter design. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 55, 1296–1304 (2007)S. Lim, C. Caloz, T. Itoh, Metamaterial-based electronically-controlled transmission line structure as a novel leaky-wave antenna with tunable angle and beamwidth. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 52(12), 2678–2690 (2004)G. Zamora, S. Zuffanelli, F. Paredes, F. Javier Herraiz-MartÃnez, F. MartÃn, J. Bonache, Fundamental mode leaky-wave-antenna (LWA) using slot line and split-ring-resonator (SRR) based metamaterials. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 12, 1424–1427 (2013)A.K. Iyer, G.V. Eleftheriades, Negative refractive index metamaterials supporting 2-D waves. in IEEE-MTT Int’l Microwave Symposium, vol 2, Seattle, WA, pp. 412–415 (2002)A.A. Oliner, A periodic-structure negative-refractive-index medium without resonant elements. In URSI Digest, IEEE-AP-S USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, San Antonio, TX, pp. 41 (2002)C. Caloz, T. Itoh, Application of the transmission line theory of left-handed (LH) materials to the realization of a microstrip LH transmission line. in Proceedings of IEEE-AP-S USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, vol 2, San Antonio, TX, pp. 412–415 (2002)F. MartÃn, F. Falcone, J. Bonache, R. Marqués, M. Sorolla, Split ring resonator based left handed coplanar waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 4652–4654 (2003)F. Falcone, T. Lopetegi, M.A.G. Laso, J.D. Baena, J. Bonache, R. Marqués, F. MartÃn, M. Sorolla (2004) Babinet principle applied to the design of metasurfaces and metamaterials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, paper 197401M. Durán-Sindreu, A. Vélez, F. Aznar, G. Sisó, J. Bonache, F. MartÃn, Application of open split ring resonators and open complementary split ring resonators to the synthesis of artificial transmission lines and microwave passive components. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 57, 3395–3403 (2009)A. Vélez, F. Aznar, M. Durán-Sindreu, J. Bonache, F. MartÃn, Stop-band and band-pass filters in coplanar waveguide technology implemented by means of electrically small metamaterial-inspired open resonators. IET Microw. Antennas Propag. 4, 712–716 (2004)J.D. Baena, J. Bonache, F. MartÃn, R. Marqués, F. Falcone, T. Lopetegi, M.A.G. Laso, J. GarcÃa, I. Gil, M. Flores-Portillo, M. Sorolla, Equivalent circuit models for split ring resonators and complementary split rings resonators coupled to planar transmission lines. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 53, 1451–1461 (2005)M. Gil, J. Bonache, J. Selga, J. GarcÃa-GarcÃa, F. MartÃn, Broadband resonant type metamaterial transmission lines. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 17, 97–99 (2007)M. Durán-Sindreu, P. Vélez, J. Bonache, F. MartÃn, Broadband microwave filters based on open split ring resonators (OSRRs) and open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs): improved models and design optimization. Radioengineering 20, 775–783 (2011)P. Vélez, J. Naqui, M. Durán-Sindreu, J. Bonache, F. MartÃn, Broadband microstrip bandpass filter based on open complementary split ring resonators. Int. J. Antennas Propag. 2012, 6 (2012)J.W. Bandler, R.M. Biernacki, S.H. Chen, P.A. Grobelny, R.H. Hemmers, Space mapping technique for electromagnetic optimization. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 42, 2536–2544 (1994)J.W. Bandler, R.M. Biernacki, S.H. Chen, R.H. Hemmers, K. Madsen, Electromagnetic optimization exploiting aggressive space mapping. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 43, 2874–2882 (1995)J.W. Bandler, Q.S. Cheng, S.A. Dakroury, A.S. Mohamed, M.H. Bakr, K. Madsen, J. Søndergaard, Space mapping: the state of the art. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 52, 337–361 (2004)C.G. Broyden, A class of methods for solving nonlinear simultaneous equations. Math. Comput. 19(92), 577–593 (1965)J. Selga, A. RodrÃguez, V.E. Boria, F. MartÃn, Synthesis of split rings based artificial transmission lines through a new two-step, fast converging, and robust aggressive space mapping (ASM) algorithm. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 61(6), 2295–2308 (2013)A. Velez, F. Aznar, J. Bonache, M.C. Velázquez-Ahumada, J. Martel, F. MartÃn, Open complementary split ring resonators (OCSRRs) and their application to wideband CPW band pass filters. IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 19, 197–199 (2009)D.M. Bates, D.G. Watts, Nonlinear Regression Analysis and Its Applications (Wiley, New York, 1998
Microsatellite diversity of the Nordic type of goats in relation to breed conservation: how relevant is pure ancestry?
In the last decades, several endangered breeds of livestock species have been re-established effectively. However, the successful revival of the Dutch and Danish Landrace goats involved crossing with exotic breeds and the ancestry of the current populations is therefore not clear. We have generated genotypes for 27 FAO-recommended microsatellites of these landraces and three phenotypically similar Nordic-type landraces and compared these breeds with central European, Mediterranean and south-west Asian goats. We found decreasing levels of genetic diversity with increasing distance from the south-west Asian domestication site with a south-east-to-north-west cline that is clearly steeper than the Mediterranean east-to-west cline. In terms of genetic diversity, the Dutch Landrace comes next to the isolated Icelandic breed, which has an extremely low diversity. The Norwegian coastal goat and the Finnish and Icelandic landraces are clearly related. It appears that by a combination of mixed origin and a population bottleneck, the Dutch and Danish Land-races are separated from the other breeds. However, the current Dutch and Danish populations with the multicoloured and long-horned appearance effectively substitute for the original breed, illustrating that for conservation of cultural heritage, the phenotype of a breed is more relevant than pure ancestry and the genetic diversity of the original breed. More in general, we propose that for conservation, the retention of genetic diversity of an original breed and of the visual phenotype by which the breed is recognized and defined needs to be considered separately
- …