Phylogeny and revision of the Neotropical genus Grumichella Müller (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), including nine new species and a key

The systematics of the Neotropical caddisfly genus Grumichella Müller (Leptoceridae: Grumichellinae) are reviewed. Diagnoses, descriptions and illustrations are provided for four previously described species, G. aequiunguis Flint, 1983, G. flaveola (Ulmer, 1911), G. pulchella (Banks, 1910) and G. rostrata Thienemann, 1905, and nine new species: G. blahniki sp. nov. (Peru), G. boraceia sp. nov. (Brazil), G. cressae sp. nov. (Venezuela), G. jureia sp. nov. (Brazil), G. leccii sp. nov. (Brazil), G. muelleri sp. nov. (Brazil), G. paprockii sp. nov. (Brazil), G. parati sp. nov. (Brazil) and G. trujilloi sp. nov. (Venezuela). The monophyly of the genus is corroborated (16 synapomorphies) and the phylogenetic relationships of its included species, based on analysis of 66 adult, larval, and pupal characters, are inferred as (G. aequiunguis ((G. boraceiae (G. leccii, G. parati)) (G. rostrata ((G. flaveola, G. pulchella) (G. muelleri, G. paprockii)) (G. jureia (G. trujilloi (G. cressae, G. blahniki)))))). A taxonomic key to the males of the species is presented

Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna: order Trichoptera (Insecta), diversity and distribution

Caddisflies are a highly diverse group of aquatic insects, particularly in the Neotropical region where there is a high number of endemic taxa. Based on taxonomic contributions published until August 2019, a total of 796 caddisfly species have been recorded from Brazil. Taxonomic data about Brazilian caddisflies are currently open access at the “Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil” website (CTFB), an on-line database with taxonomic information on the animal species occurring in Brazil. The order Trichoptera at CTFB includes a catalog of species recorded for the country, with synonymic lists, distribution throughout six biomes, 12 hydrographic regions, and 27 political states (including Federal District) from Brazil. The database is constantly updated to include newly published data. In this study, we reviewed the taxonomic effort on Brazilian caddisflies based on data currently in CTFB database. The accumulation curve of species described or recorded from the country, by year, shows a strong upward trend in last 25 years, indicating that it is possible that there are many more species to be described. Based on presence/absence of caddisfly species at three geographic levels (biomes, hydrographic regions, and states), second order Jackknife estimated at least 1,586 species occurring in Brazil (with hydrographic regions as unities), indicating we currently know about 50% of the Brazilian caddisfly fauna. Species distribution by Brazilian biomes reveals that the Atlantic Forest is the most diverse, with 490 species (298 endemic), followed by the Amazon Forest, with 255 species (101 endemic). Even though these numbers may be biased because there has been more intense collecting in these two biomes, the percentage of endemic caddisfly species in the Atlantic Forest is remarkable. Considering the distribution throughout hydrographic regions, clustering analyses (UPGMA) based on incidence data reveals two groups: northwestern basins and southeastern. Although these groups have weak bootstrap support and low similarity in species composition, this division of Brazilian caddisfly fauna could be related to Amazon-Atlantic Forest disjunction, with the South American dry diagonal acting as a potential barrier throughout evolutionary time

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

FIGURE 2 in Trichoptera of Serra da Jibóia, Bahia, Brazil: new species of Helicopsyche (Helicopsychidae) and new records

FIGURE 2. The physiognomy of the respective collection sites (A ‒ H) as indicated on the map of Fig. 1

Description of the larvae of Synoestropsis furcata Flint, 1974 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from central-western region, Brazil

The genus Synoestropsis contains 10 described species, six of which occur in Brazil. The species S. furcata was described by Flint (1974), based on adults only. In this paper, the larvae are described and illustrated. This description constitutes the first definitive species-level association in the genus, and also enlarges the known distribution for S. furcata.Brazilian Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)[141367/2004-0]Brazilian Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)[SWE 201382/2007-5]CAPES/PROA

Polyplectropus anchorus Vilarino & Calor, 2015, new species

<i>Polyplectropus anchorus</i> new species <p>Fig. 2 A–F</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species is very similar to <i>Polyplectropus annulicornis</i> Ulmer 1905. The new species can be distinguished from <i>P. annulicornis</i> by a mesoventral branch of the inferior appendage with its apex acute, upturned (rounded in <i>P. annulicornis</i>), without a medial projection (present in <i>P. annulicornis</i>), and by the endothecal spines without setae and with their apices directed dorsolaterad (whereas setae and apices are directed ventromesad in <i>P. annulicornis</i>).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Male.</i> Length of forewing 4.3–4.9 mm, n=8. Color (in alcohol) of head, thorax, and legs brown; wings lightly pigmented on M bifurcation, on transversal veins <i>r-m</i>, <i>m</i>, and <i>m-cu</i> and on Cu1 bifurcation with the lightly pigmented region extending until the end of A1.</p> <p> <i>Genitalia</i>. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin entire; in ventral view subrectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex. Terga IX+X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with apical setae; in dorsal view digitate, apex narrowing and directed laterad; in caudal view digitate, curved, directed ventrolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite, with dorsolateral, mesolateral, and mesoventral processes; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterodorsad, then recurved posterad, tapering posteromesally into acute apex, slightly expanded subapically; mesolateral process setose, in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose, in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into deltoid lobe, with ventrad-directed sclerotized ventral apex, ventral margin sinuate, bearing setae, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view, mesoventral processes separated, with dorsal digitate lobe and with ventral margin acute. Inferior appendage bipartite, with dorsolateral branch and mesoventral branch, and with anterior basal plate extending anterad about half length of sternum IX, basal plate anteriorly bilobed in ventral aspect; dorsolateral branch setose, in lateral view oblong, apex truncate; in ventral view broad, lateral margin subapically produced, undulate, posterior margin undulate, mesal margin slightly undulate, apically rounded to subtruncate, basally expanding posterad into mesoventral branch; mesoventral branch setose, elongate, bearing stout setae basally, in lateral view digitate, narrowing distally, apex upturned, acute; in ventral view digitate, posteromesal margin entire, gradually diverging laterad. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, medium-sized, sclerotized spines, with their apices directed dorsolaterad.</p> <p> <b>Holotype male</b> (alcohol) (MZUSP): <b>BRAZIL: Bahia:</b> Varzedo, Fazenda Baixa Grande, Riacho Cai Camarão, 12º57’38.7’’S, 39º26’54.2’’W, el. 254 m, 24.x.2012, UV light pan trap, Gomes V., Campos R.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes: BRAZIL: Bahia:</b> same data as holotype, 5 males (alcohol) (UFBA, UMSP); Elísio Medrado, Reserva Jequitibá, GAMBA, Córrego Caranguejo, 12º52’12.7’’S, 39º28’32.4’’W, el. 510 m, 22.x.2012, UV light pan trap, Gomes V., Vilarino A., Campos R., 2 males (alcohol) (UFBA).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species epithet is from the Latin adjective <i>anchorus</i>, anchored, or having the nature of an anchor, in reference to the endothecal spines that in dorsal view resemble a boat anchor.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Belonging to the <i>Polyplectropus annulicornis</i> Species Group as defined by Chamorro & Holzenthal (2010), this species seems to be a mix of <i>P. annulicornis</i> (preanal appendage and intermediate appendage very similar) and <i>P. alatespinus</i> Chamorro & Holzenthal 2010 (inferior appendage very similar).</p>Published as part of <i>Vilarino, Albane & Calor, Adolfo R., 2015, New species of Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia) from Northeast Region, Brazil, pp. 113-120 in Zootaxa 4007 (1)</i> on page 116, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.1.8, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/231708">http://zenodo.org/record/231708</a&gt

New species of Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia) from Northeast Region, Brazil

Vilarino, Albane, Calor, Adolfo R. (2015): New species of Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera: Annulipalpia) from Northeast Region, Brazil. Zootaxa 4007 (1): 113-120, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4007.1.