Nineteenth Century Images of Englishness: Spanish Translators and the Will to Change

This article sets out to demonstrate that the various institutional discourses of the Spanish nineteenth century, related to the representation of an English image, differ essentially in the degree of influence that they receive from translations. More specifically, the monograph aims to identify and categorise the translations on the history of England that were published in Spain during the nineteenth century, according to the data extracted from the National Library of Madrid; assess the significance of these translations in proportion to the total amount of publications on the subject and analyse the influence they might have exerted on a corpus of authors and works of different ideologies that is twofold in nature: it includes history textbooks, officially used at various educational levels, as well as admission speeches at the Spanish Royal Academy of Language. In our opinion, the influence of the translations published in Spain is essentially reflected on the following two aspects: a) the deliberate reproduction of stereotypes launched by the English themselves in the Victorian Era, in line with a liberal idea of history and, b) the use of new narrative and historiographic techniques. In the most heterodox representations, England will be set up as a model of behaviour and an explicit preoccupation and comparison with Spain will be clearly revealed, while at the same time a critical stance toward the Catholic Church as an institution will be introduced. Key words: Englishness; Identity; Language; History and Ideology; Spanish Nineteenth Centur

Women as linguistic codifiers in modern Europe. A comparative socio-historical British and Spanish framework

Considering the role of grammars as cultural products, influential on the education of women and children of the past, this contribution aims at assessing the extent to which nineteenth-century Spanish women were allowed to enter a community of discourse constituted by grammarians and linguistic codifiers of the vernacular. Following socio-historical lines of study, this new path of exploration intends to give visibility to women as authors and receivers of grammatical discourse and to provide comparative material to previous research in the field, particularly that on eighteenth-century British women grammarians. First, school grammars of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are reanalysed from the point of view of ideological discourse. British female grammarians and their audiences are then taken into consideration in order to establish a social and historical framework which may serve as a basis for comparison. The Spanish setting is described and conjectured profiles of women as authors and receivers of grammar-books are given. Finally, a preliminary list of names and works is provided, laying the base for future research

Evolutionary Responses to Invasion: Cane Toad Sympatric Fish Show Enhanced Avoidance Learning

The introduced cane toad (Bufo marinus) poses a major threat to biodiversity due to its lifelong toxicity. Several terrestrial native Australian vertebrates are adapting to the cane toad’s presence and lab trials have demonstrated that repeated exposure to B. marinus can result in learnt avoidance behaviour. Here we investigated whether aversion learning is occurring in aquatic ecosystems by comparing cane toad naı¨ve and sympatric populations of crimson spotted rainbow fish (Melanotaenia duboulayi). The first experiment indicated that fish from the sympatric population had pre-existing aversion to attacking cane toad tadpoles but also showed reduced attacks on native tadpoles. The second experiment revealed that fish from both naı¨ve and sympatric populations learned to avoid cane toad tadpoles following repeated, direct exposure. Allopatric fish also developed a general aversion to tadpoles. The aversion learning abilities of both groups was examined using an experiment involving novel distasteful prey items. While both populations developed a general avoidance of edible pellets in the presence of distasteful pellets, only the sympatric population significantly reduced the number of attacks on the novel distasteful prey item. These results indicate that experience with toxic prey items over multiple generations can enhance avoidance leaning capabilities via natural selection

Ecology and translation: Linguistic reshaping of leading characters in H. G. Wells’ The Country of the Blind

El presente estudio se encuadra dentro de un marco teórico general en el que convergen dos nociones de ecología distintas, que se vienen aplicando en los últimos años al estudio y la práctica de la traducción. Por una parte, el análisis responde a los fundamentos de la ecotraducción (Badenes y Coisson 2010; 2015), según los cuales la representación lingüística de la naturaleza se convierte en centro de atención de críticos y traductores. Por otra, el estudio ratifica al menos parcialmente los postulados de la eco-translatología (Hu Gengshen 2003; Xiaohua 2015), una perspectiva teórica de índole metodológica, que propone centrar la investigación en las decisiones subjetivas que toma el traductor para adaptarse a su correspondiente entorno y en la particular selección de estrategias y expresiones lingüísticas que realiza a la hora de (re)producir un texto, normalmente literario. Bajo este prisma, el estudio analiza la traducción española que realizó Alfonso Hernández Catá de la obra de H. G. Wells The Country of the Blind en 1919. Más concretamente, el trabajo se centra en la adaptación que hace el traductor de los principales escenarios naturales que vertebran el relato del autor inglés, en tanto que verdaderos protagonistas simbólicos del mismo. Con ello se intentará demostrar que Hernández Catá actúa no sólo como traductor sino como segundo autor, trasladando sutilmente el protagonismo de la naturaleza a las personas y optando así por un mayor control humano del paisaje y por la proyección del relato como épica individual. Esta decisión del traductor exige una adaptación lingüística en último término. A este propósito, en el trabajo se llevará a cabo un detallado análisis comparativo de las dos versiones de la historia; se determinarán las estrategias textuales de autor y traductor y se determinarán las sub-estrategias verbales empleadas por cada uno para lograr sus objetivos. Particular atención recibirán los mecanismos de cohesión léxica y gramatical, como son la referencia anafórica, la repetición léxica y las estructuras combinatorias utilizadas para la construcción de los dos mundos wellsianos, así como las distintas tácticas lingüísticas utilizadas por el traductor para incrementar los índices de subjetividad en la narración española.This paper is part of a general theoretical framework which draws from two different notions of ecology: ecotranslation and eco-translatology. Ecotranslation (Badenes and Coisson 2010; 2015) refers to the practice, by critics and translators, of making the linguistic representation of nature their main focus. Eco-translatology (Hu Gengshen 2003; Xiaohua 2015) is a theoretical methodology according to which the research should focus on, first, subjective decisions taken by the translator in order to adapt to the translator‘s own environment and, second, their particular choice of strategies and linguistic expressions used to (re)produce a (normally literary) text. Over the past few years, these two notions have been applied to translation, both in theory and in practice. The present study draws from the principles of ecotranslation, and (at least partially) confirms the postulates of eco-translatology. From this perspective, this paper will analyse the 1919 Spanish translation of H. G. Wells‘ The Country of the Blind by Alfonso Hernández Catá. In particular, the paper tackles the translator‘s adaptation of the main natural settings present in the original work, which can be said to be the symbolic protagonists of this work. With this, it will be shown that Hernández Catá is not merely a translator, but a second author, in his subtle transferral of the focus from nature to people. With this transferral, the translator displays a greater human control and turns the original story into a heroic tale. And, ultimately, this transferral forces a linguistic adaptation. Indeed, this is what this paper will focus on. The paper will put forward a detailed comparative analysis of the original and translated versions of the work. This analysis will help determine the textual strategies and verbal sub-strategies used by the author, on the one hand, and the translator, on the other, to each achieve their goals

Estilos parentales y estilos de aprendizaje en adolescentes del nivel secundario del distrito Pisac, 2021

La presente investigación titulada “Estilos Parentales y Estilos de Aprendizaje en adolescentes del nivel secundario del Distrito Pisac 2021” tuvo como principal objetivo determinar los estilos parentales y estilos de aprendizaje en adolescentes de secundaria del Distrito Pisac - 2021. La metodología empleada en esta investigación fue hipotético deductivo con un enfoque cuantitativo correlacional, el diseño fue el no experimental de corte transversal, con una población de 188 y una muestra de 126 estudiantes del Distrito de Pisac, Provincia de Cusco, se aplicó un cuestionario de estilos parentales de acuerdo a las variable de estudio, obteniendo una fiabilidad de 0,824 en el cuestionario de estilos parentales de acuerdo a las variable de estudio y 0,835 con un nivel en el cuestionario de estilos de aprendizaje con una valoración muy bueno en ambas variables. Entre los resultados muestra que se obtuvo de acuerdo a la prueba estadística de Rho Spearman aplicada a la variable estilos parentales y estilos de aprendizaje con un coeficiente de correlación baja de r=0,373, con un nivel de significancia de 0.000 menor que el nivel esperado (p < 0.05) con el cual se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se acepta la hipótesis alterna. Se puede afirmar que existe una correlación baja entre estilos parentales y estilos de aprendizaje en adolescentes del nivel secundario del Distrito Pisac, Provincia Cusco. En conclusión, se determinó que existe relación directa entre estilos parentales con los estilos de aprendizaje en estudiantes de la IE Bernardo Tambohuacso del Distrito de Pisa

An investigation into BK Polyomavirus and host-virus interactions

The potentially oncogenic human pathogen BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) was first identified in 1971 and has since been associated with a number of diseases primarily in immunosuppressed patients. Infection is established in early life and by adulthood up to 90% of populations show seroconversion for the major capsid protein VP1. Despite this infections are rarely cleared, maintaining a silent asymptomatic persistence punctuated with periods of viral shedding in the urine. The virus is non-enveloped and comprises a simple ~5.2 Kb dsDNA genome which expresses just seven known proteins, necessitating a heavy reliance on, and interactions with, host mechanisms in order to efficiently replicate and disseminate within a population. The poorly understood lifelong persistence and failure to clear infection highlights our lack of understanding of the viral life cycle and viral interactions with host processes and responses to infection. Indeed, non-enveloped viruses are thought to spread solely through infected cell lysis but such large-scale lysis should trigger an acute inflammatory response, which is rarely seen in healthy immunocompetent individuals. The research conducted for this thesis first investigates the egress of BKPyV in a non-lytic manner, presenting evidence for an active non-lytic method of viral egress that is dependent on cellular anion homeostasis. Moreover, data generated for this thesis suggests that virions egress via an unconventional secretion pathway which traffics directly from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane in single-membraned vesicles. Further research undertook a whole cell quantitative temporal viromic (QTV) approach, post-experimentally tagging whole cell lysate peptides with isobaric labels (Tandem Mass Tagging, TMT) to provide a greater understanding of host cell proteomic changes throughout BKPyV infection in two primary human cell types over 72 hours of infection. Such an approach identified ~9000 cellular proteins, of which a surprisingly small number changed significantly in abundance in response to BKPyV infection. Of those that were changed in abundance a large proportion were related to cell cycle, revealing that BKPyV infection induces a pseudo-G2 arrest, similar to the G2/M checkpoint. Validation of TMT results in both cell types provided confidence in this robust data set, and further studies highlighted the importance of not only cell cycle status, but the activity of CDK1 for efficient viral infection and replication. Additionally, TMT generated data emphasised the lack of innate immune induction in response to BKPyV infection, suggesting BKPyV exhibits a sophisticated evasion of pathogen recognition.Medical Research Council, Department of Pathology funding

Gestión institucional y calidad educativa en las instituciones educativas del distrito Lurigancho- UGEL 06 – 2019

La presente investigación tiene como propósito de establecer la relación entre Gestión institucional y calidad educativa en las instituciones educativas del distrito Lurigancho UGEL 06 – 2019. utilizando un diseño descriptivo correlacional, la muestra está constituida por 155 docentes perteneciente a diversas instituciones del distrito de Lurigancho- UGEL 06, del mismo que se seleccionó mediante una muestra no probabilístico de tipo disponible. La recolección de datos se ha realizado con instrumentos de Gestion Institucional de Ríos, L. (2007) y el Instrumento de Calidad de Educativa de Díaz, F. (2010). Ambos instrumentos tienen validez y confiabilidad aceptables en nuestro contexto. Se puede apreciar que el índice de fiabilidad para el instrumento de Gestión Institucional según el método de alpha de Cronbach, es igual a ,883 y para el Ω de MC Donald es de ,894 y para el instrumento de calidad educativa el Alpha de Cronbach es igual a , 940 y para el Ω de MC Donald es de ,943.Para obtener la relación de variables se hizo uso de prueba de correlación r de Spearman. Los resultados demuestran que el valor de la significancia posee un valor de p (Sig.=, 000), quien es menor a 0.05; por lo tanto, se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se afirma que existe correlación entre la Gestión institucional y la Calidad educativa. Donde se observa una relación de Rho (,442**) siendo esta relación de tipo positiva y de grado medio, según Guillén (2016). Lo cual indica que, en términos generales, que a mayor Gestión Institucional mayor será la Calidad educativa en las instituciones

La cobertura de salud durante la infancia y su efecto socioeconómico de largo plazo en el departamento del Cusco, 2009-2019.

El departamento del Cusco se caracteriza por tener brechas de cobertura importantes en la creación de centros de salud, lo que genera una inadecuada atención a la población de las comunidades o distritos. El presente estudio busca estimar los efectos de largo plazo de tener un establecimiento de salud durante los primeros años de vida. Se utiliza la información de fecha de creación de establecimientos de SUSALUD, junto con data detallada de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar y la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares de INEI para establecer el efecto de la cobertura en los ingresos, la educación y el empleo durante la adultez. Se emplea una estrategia de diferencias-en-diferencias para estimar el efecto de la creación de centros de salud. Los resultados principales sugieren que una apertura de un centro de salud durante la primera infancia genera un incremento de 0.3 en el nivel educativo, este efecto es similar a pasar de Primaria Incompleta a Primaria Completa. Con relación a los ingresos, la apertura de un centro de salud genera un incremento de 45 soles mensuales, que se traduce en 540 soles adicionales al año. También se identifica efectos más pronunciados para las mujeres con un incremento en el nivel de educación en 0.442 puntos, equivalente a terminar y aprobar un ciclo de estudios, y un incremento en el nivel de ingresos en 106 soles mensuales, equivalente a un incremento de 1,272 soles anuales.The department of Cusco is characterized by significant coverage gaps in the creation of health centers, which generates inadequate care for the population of the communities or districts. The present study seeks to estimate the long-term effects of having a health facility during the first years of life. Information on the establishment date of SUSALUD establishments is used, together with detailed data from the INEI Demographic and Family Health Survey and the National Household Survey to establish the effect of coverage on income, education, and employment during adulthood. A differences-in-differences strategy is used to estimate the effect of creating health centers. The main results suggest that opening a health center during early childhood generates an increase of 0.3 in the educational level, this effect is similar to going from Incomplete Primary to Complete Primary. In relation to income, the opening of a health center generates an increase of 45 soles per month, which translates into an additional 540 soles per year. More pronounced effects are also identified for women with an increase in the level of education in 0.442 points, equivalent to finishing and passing a cycle of studies, and an increase in the level of income in 106 soles per month, equivalent to an increase of 1,272 annual soles

Psychosocial aspects of epilepsy: a wider approach.

SUMMARY: Epilepsy is one of the most serious neurological conditions and has an impact not only on the affected individual but also on the family and, indirectly, on the community. A global approach to the individual must take into account cognitive problems, psychiatric comorbidities and all psychosocial complications that often accompany epilepsy. We discuss psychosocial issues in epilepsy with special focus on the relationship between stigma and psychiatric comorbidities. Social barriers to optimal care and health outcomes for people with epilepsy result in huge disparities, and the public health system needs to invest in awareness programmes to increase public knowledge and reduce stigma in order to minimise such disparities. DECLARATIONS OF INTEREST: J.W.S. receives research support from the Dr Marvin Weil Epilepsy Research Fund, Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, the World Health Organization and the EU's FP7 programme, and has been consulted by, and has received fees for lectures from, GlaxoSmithKline, Eisai, Lundbeck, Teva and UCB. COPYRIGHT AND USAGE: © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license