123 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Why Do Firms Impose Vertical Restraints? Evidence from Franchise Contracts
Franchising is a business form in which one firm (the “franchisor”) licenses an- other firm or individual (the “franchisee”) to operate businesses using the franchisor’s trademarks and proprietary business methods. Vertical restraints—contractual controls imposed by an upstream firm on the operations of a downstream firm, such as price, supplier and customer restrictions—are the essential features of franchise contracts. The presence or absence of particular vertical restraints determine which business decisions the franchisor seeks to control, and which it seeks to delegate to local managers. There are several theories seeking to explain why firms impose vertical restraints. One explanation focuses on agency costs and the role of vertical restraints in restraining franchisee opportunistic behavior. Another emphasizes the role of risk and uncertainty and the need for brand owners to delegate authority to local managers with superior information. Finally, some explanations point to the role of vertical restraints in labor discipline, arguing that firms deploy vertical restraints to target a vulnerable (low-skill, high-turnover, low-wage) workforce for downstream employment. By removing non-labor variables from the franchisee’s profit-maximizing choice set, vertical restraints compel franchisees to focus on minimizing labor costs and extracting labor effort for their profit margins, to the exclusion of alternative profit-maximizing strategies like charging higher prices, substituting cheaper inputs, investing in training, or motivating employees with efficiency wages. Using a data set created from 530 franchise contracts, I examine which franchisor characteristics predict the likelihood of imposing vertical restraints. I find that agency cost, risk, and worker characteristic variables are significantly associated with the likelihood of imposing vertical restraints, but that much of the variation in the likelihood of imposing vertical restraints remains unexplained
Couples in distress : a dyadic analysis of attachment insecurities and romantic disengagement among couples seeking relationship therapy
Le désengagement conjugal fait référence à une perte d’amour entre les partenaires amoureux. Il comprend une indifférence émotionnelle ainsi que des stratégies d’évitement cognitif et comportemental. Ceci constitue une des difficultés le plus souvent rapportées auprès des couples qui consultent en thérapie conjugale. Par ailleurs, la problématique serait parmi les plus difficiles à traiter en thérapie selon les thérapeutes conjugaux. Bien que quelques études et écrits cliniques ont examiné le processus de désengagement conjugal et l’ont mis en lien avec le bien-être conjugal, aucune étude n’a examiné le désengagement auprès des couples présentant de la détresse conjugale. Le peu d’études réalisés sur le sujet ont principalement utilisé des approches individuelles et recruté des échantillons provenant de la population générale. Compte tenu de la prévalence du désengagement auprès des couples requérant les services de thérapie conjugale, ainsi que la difficulté à traiter cette problématique en thérapie conjugale, des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre les prédicteurs de désengagement auprès d’une population clinique et l’impact de la thérapie conjugale pour réduire le désengagement. La théorie de l'attachement propose un cadre théorique pertinent pour l’étude du désengagement conjugal. Ainsi, cette thèse examinera les insécurités d’attachement comme prédicteurs de désengagement dans un contexte clinique. De plus, la thèse évaluera dans quelle mesure la thérapie conjugale en milieu naturel réduit le désengagement, ainsi que le rôle des insécurités d’attachement des deux partenaires dans le cadre d’une telle thérapie. Le but principal de cette thèse est donc de mieux comprendre le désengagement conjugal dans un contexte clinique afin de proposer des pistes d’intervention aux thérapeutes conjugaux.
Afin de mieux comprendre le désengagement dans un contexte clinique, une première étude a été effectué au sein des couples en détresse entament une thérapie conjugale. L’étude à examiner l’association entre l’insécurité d’attachement de chaque partenaire et le niveau de désengagement dans une perspective dyadique. Les analyses réalisées auprès de 171 couples hétérosexuels révèlent que les insécurités d’attachement sont liées au désengagement conjugal au-delà de ce qui est expliqué par la dépression, la satisfaction conjugale et l’engagement conjugal. Nos résultats suggèrent que le désengagement pourrait se présenter différemment chez les hommes et les femmes. Alors que le désengagement des hommes serait principalement lié à leurs propres insécurités d'attachement (évitement), le désengagement des femmes serait lié à la fois à leurs propres insécurités d'attachement ainsi qu’à celles de leur partenaire. Plus précisément, un plus haut niveau de désengagement chez la femme serait lié à son propre évitement ainsi qu’à l’anxiété d’abandon de son partenaire. De plus, l'association entre l'anxiété d’abandon chez la femme et son propre désengagement serait modérée par l’évitement de son partenaire. En effet, les femmes présentant plus d'anxiété d’abandon rapportent moins de désengagement lorsqu'elle est en couple avec un partenaire présentant plus d’évitement de l’intimité. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance des enjeux d’attachement chez les couples qui entament un processus de thérapie conjugale et qui présentent un haut niveau de désengagement. Les interventions visant à comprendre la dynamique d'attachement ainsi qu’à réduire la dépression et augmenter la satisfaction conjugale et l’engagement des partenaires du couple pourraient fournir aux thérapeutes une piste pour aider les partenaires à s'engager de nouveau dans leur relation.
En s’appuyant sur les résultats de cette première étude dyadique, notre deuxième article visait à examiner si la thérapie de couple offerte en milieu naturel parvient à réduire le désengagement auprès des couples qui consultent en thérapie conjugale. L’étude a également examiné dans quelle mesure les insécurités d'attachement sont associées à l’amélioration du désengagement au fil de la thérapie conjugale. L’échantillon comprenait 163 couples hétérosexuels débutant une thérapie conjugale dans une clinique privée. Les partenaires ont complété des questionnaires pré-intervention après la première séance d’évaluation et ont rempli des questionnaires de suivi après 15 semaines en thérapie. Les résultats révèlent que le désengagement diminue lorsque les couples suivent une thérapie conjugale, et ce même après seulement quatre à 10 séances d’intervention. Cependant, les insécurités d'attachement nous informent pour qui la thérapie semble la moins efficace. L’évitement de l’intimité de l’homme et l’anxiété d’abandon de la femme étaient associés à un plus haut niveau de désengagement chez l’homme lors du suivi de 15 semaines, et ce même après avoir contrôlé pour la dépression et la satisfaction conjugale. Ces résultats suggèrent que les insécurités d’attachement peuvent être des facteurs qui rendent la thérapie plus difficile, surtout chez les hommes. Les résultats sont discutés à la lumière des interventions cliniques pour la thérapie de couple.Romantic disengagement refers to a loss of love between romantic partners. It is characterized by emotional indifference as well as cognitive and behavioral distancing strategies. Lack of love appears among the most reported difficulties by couples seeking relationship therapy and the most difficult problems for therapists to treat. It is also considered an important factor in relationship functioning and maintenance, as it is associated with relationship dissatisfaction and divorce. Although a few studies and clinical writings have examined the process of romantic disengagement and linked it to relationship outcomes, no study has examined disengagement among distressed couples. The few studies conducted have mainly employed an individual approach within community samples. Given the prevalence of disengagement among distressed couples and the difficulty associated with its treatment in therapy, studies are needed to better understand disengagement in a clinical context. Attachment theory offers a theoretical framework for assessing romantic disengagement, as it provides an explanation of why individuals form and maintain relationships. Thus, this thesis examined attachment insecurities as predictors of disengagement among distressed couples seeking relationship therapy. In addition, it assessed the role of more contextual factors including depression, relationship satisfaction and commitment on romantic disengagement. Moreover, the thesis evaluated the effectiveness of couple therapy in a naturalistic setting for reducing disengagement and assessed whether attachment insecurities act as risk factors for disengagement change in therapy. The underlying aim of the thesis was to better understand romantic disengagement in a clinical context in order to propose clinical implications for therapists.
In an attempt to better understand romantic disengagement within a clinical context, a first study was carried out among 171 relationally distressed couples seeking relationship therapy in a naturalistic setting. The study examined the association between attachment insecurities (avoidance and anxiety) and romantic disengagement from a dyadic perspective while controlling for depression, commitment and relationship satisfaction. Analyses revealed that attachment insecurities are associated with greater romantic disengagement but suggest that disengagement may present differently for men and women. While for men disengagement appears to be mainly linked to their own attachment insecurities (avoidance), disengagement in women appears to be associated to both to their own and their partners’ attachment insecurities. More specifically, women reported higher romantic disengagement when she was high on attachment-related avoidance and when her partner was high on attachment-related anxiety. Male attachment-related avoidance was found to moderate the association between female attachment-related anxiety and female romantic disengagement in that women with higher attachment-related anxiety report lower disengagement when paired with a partner high on attachment-related avoidance. These results highlight the importance of attachment insecurities for couples who present in therapy with high levels of disengagement. Furthermore, it suggests that intrapersonal and contextual factors such as depression, relationship satisfaction and commitment play an important role in understanding romantic disengagement in couples seeking therapy. Interventions aimed at understanding the couple’s attachment dynamic, as well as reducing depression and improving commitment and relationship satisfaction may provide therapists with a lead for aiding partners high in romantic disengagement to re-engage in their relationship.
Building on the results of our first study, our second article aimed to examine whether couple therapy was effective at reducing disengagement among distressed couples and the extent to which attachment insecurities help or hinder changes in disengagement. Participants included 163 heterosexual couples seeking relationship therapy. Couples completed questionnaires after the first intake session and 15 weeks into therapy. The results revealed that disengagement decreases when couples undergo therapeutic treatment, even after only four to 10 intervention sessions. Moreover, attachment insecurities play a role is who is more likely to improve in therapy. Attachment insecurities were associated with romantic disengagement at follow-up even when controlling for depression and relationship satisfaction. Men higher on attachment- related avoidance reported greater romantic disengagement at follow-up. Moreover, men also reported higher disengagement at follow-up when paired with a woman high on attachment-related anxiety. Results suggest that attachment insecurities may be factors associated with progress in therapy, especially for men. Findings are discussed in light of clinical interventions for couple therapy
Recommended from our members
The Historical and Legal Creation of a Fissured Workplace: The Case of Franchising
This dissertation explores the consequences of institutional change in capitalist firms, focusing on vertical dis-integration, the legal boundaries of the firm and what David Weil has called workplace fissuring, in which corporations place intermediaries (subcontractors, temp agencies, or franchisees) between themselves and workers, often with negative consequences for workers. It focuses specifically on franchising, a type of fissured workplace in which one firm outsources retail operations to smaller, legally independent franchisees. The first chapter uses archival sources to identify the legal and policy changes driving workplace fissuring in the franchising context: specifically the relaxing of antitrust prohibitions on vertical restraints (contractual controls on separate firms, such as price and supplier restrictions). These contractual mechanisms, which allow chains to achieve uniformity and control over their outlets without directly owning them, helped create fissured workplaces in the case of franchising. I show that franchising firms waged a struggle in courts and legislatures to expand their ability to impose vertical restraints, pulling in the legal boundaries of the firm and leaving workers outside.
With a formal model emphasizing the two-level principal-agent problem in franchising (between franchisors and franchisees, and franchisees and workers), the second chapter shows that franchise brands can induce very high levels of franchisee effort by leveraging product market power and one-sided contract terms to reduce the franchisee\u27s bargaining position. Franchising in this context functions as a type of surveillance and labor discipline organizational technology, in which franchise contracts induce franchisees to surveil production workers and extract high levels of effort from them, reducing the investments in monitoring and/or efficiency wages that franchisors would otherwise have to make.
The third chapter exploits a new, hand-collected data set from 530 franchise contracts, to link, to my knowledge for the first time, vertical restraints to workforce characteristics. It uncovers an empirical relationship between contingent, relatively unskilled and low-wage workforces and the likelihood of franchisors imposing vertical restraints. I argue that franchisors impose vertical restraints to target a vulnerable and cheap workforce. By removing alternative profit-making strategies from the franchisees\u27 decision set, these restraints incentivize franchisees to focus on minimizing labor costs and extracting effort from workers for their profit margins
Sibling Mediated Play Intervention of Joint Engagement and Symbolic Play in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
The study will utilize a multiple baseline design to assess a sibling mediated play intervention using Behavior Skills Training (BST) to increase joint engagement (JE) and symbolic play (SP) behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). JE will be operationalized as turn-taking, imitation, or following through on verbal commands to play. SP will be operationalized as play actions with objects for imaginative uses, without the actual objects present, or labeling abstract properties of the object. Six siblings of children with ASD will be taught BST during playtime. JE and SP occurrences will be scored via a 15 second partial interval procedure for 5-minute play sessions. It is predicted that after intervention, children with ASD would exhibit more instances of JE and SP play than in baseline
Recommended from our members
The Economics of Just Transition: A Framework for Supporting Fossil Fuel-Dependent Workers and Communities in the United States
We develop a Just Transition framework for U.S. workers and communities that are currently dependent on domestic fossil fuel production. Our rough high-end estimate for such a program is a relatively modest $600 million per year. This level of funding would pay for 1) income, retraining and relocation support for workers facing retrenchments; 2) guaranteeing the pensions for workers in the affected industries; and 3) mounting effective transition programs for what are now fossil-fuel dependent communities. The paper first summarizes the evidence on how much the U.S. fossil fuel industry will need to contract to achieve CO2 emissions reduction targets consistent with the global targets established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We then consider the impact of fossil fuel cutbacks on five ancillary U.S. industries, including support activities for coal and oil/gas as well as oil refining, electric power generation, and natural gas distribution. Section 3 presents estimates on job cuts that will occur in the fossil fuel and ancillary industries due to U.S. fossil fuel production cutbacks. Combining all fossil fuel and ancillary industries, we show that fully 83 percent of the job losses can be covered through attrition-by-retirement. To address the remaining 17 percent of job losses through fossil fuel industry cutbacks, we propose reemployment guarantees in the growing clean energy industries for displaced workers. As part of this job guarantee program, we estimate the costs of three provisions for the displaced workers: 100 percent compensation insurance for five years; retraining; and relocation support. Section 4 reviews the status of pension programs in the fossil fuel and ancillary industries and propose measures to maintain these pension programs at full funding into the future. Section 5 examines measures to support communities that are presently heavily dependent on the U.S. fossil fuel industry. The concluding section 6 brings together our cost estimates for the three components of our Just Transition program
Correlation of measurable serum markers of inflammation with lung levels following bilateral femur fracture in a rat model
Mycobacterial transcriptional signals: requirements for recognition by RNA polymerase and optimal transcriptional activity
Majority of the promoter elements of mycobacteria do not function well in other eubacterial systems and analysis of their sequences has established the presence of only single conserved sequence located at the −10 position. Additional sequences for the appropriate functioning of these promoters have been proposed but not characterized, probably due to the absence of sufficient number of strong mycobacterial promoters. In the current study, we have isolated functional promoter-like sequences of mycobacteria from the pool of random DNA sequences. Based on the promoter activity in Mycobacterium smegmatis and score assigned by neural network promoter prediction program, we selected one of these promoter sequences, namely A(37) for characterization in order to understand the structure of housekeeping promoters of mycobacteria. A(37)–RNAP complexes were subjected to DNase I footprinting and subsequent mutagenesis. Our results demonstrate that in addition to −10 sequences, DNA sequence at −35 site can also influence the activity of mycobacterial promoters by modulating the promoter recognition by RNA polymerase and subsequent formation of open complex. We also provide evidence that despite exhibiting similarities in −10 and −35 sequences, promoter regions of mycobacteria and Escherichia coli differ from each other due to differences in their requirement of spacer sequences between the two positions
The core-independent promoter-specific interaction of primary sigma factor
Previous studies have led to a model in which the promoter-specific recognition of prokaryotic transcription initiation factor, sigma (σ), is core dependent. Most σ functions were studied on the basis of this tenet. Here, we provide in vitro evidence demonstrating that the intact Bacillus subtilis primary sigma, σA, by itself, is able to interact specifically with promoter deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), albeit with low sequence selectivity. The core-independent promoter-specific interaction of the σA is −10 specific. However, the promoter −10 specific interaction is unable to allow the σA to discern the optimal promoter spacing. To fulfill this goal, the σA requires assistance from core RNA polymerase (RNAP). The ability of σ, by itself, to interact specifically with promoter might introduce a critical new dimension of study in prokaryotic σ function
- …