In vitro effects of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on growth and production of volatile sulphur compounds by oral bacteria

Objective Halitosis can be caused by microorganisms that produce volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), which colonize the surface of the tongue and subgingival sites. Studies have reported that the use of natural products can reduce the bacterial load and, consequently, the development of halitosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia on the growth and volatile sulphur compound (VSC) production of oral bacteria compared with chlorhexidine. Material and Methods The effects of these substances were evaluated by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) in planktonic cultures of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis. In addition, gas chromatography analyses were performed to measure the concentration of VSCs from bacterial cultures and to characterize M. alternifolia oil components. Results The MIC and MBC values were as follows: M. alternifolia - P. gingivalis (MIC and MBC=0.007%), P. endodontalis (MIC and MBC=0.007%=0.5%); chlorhexidine - P. gingivalis and P. endodontalis (MIC and MBC=1.5 mg/mL). M. alternifolia significantly reduced the growth and production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by P. gingivalis (

Análise do significado do tempo de imobilidade em modelos experimentais de natação

O objetivo do trabalho foi testar a hipótese de que a interpretação do tempo de imobilidade (desamparo aprendido ou adaptação) pode variar conforme o modelo utilizado (teste da natação forçada ou estresse por natação). Foram analisados o tempo de imobilidade (TI) e a mobilização de glicogênio de ratos submetidos à natação em dois protocolos: estresse por natação (EN) e teste da natação forçada (TNF). Também comparamos os efeitos da desipramina e diazepam. Os experimentos foram filmados para análise do TI. Os ratos, após a sessão de natação, foram sacrificados e amostras do fígado e músculos foram preparadas para quantificação do glicogênio. O TI foi menor no EN comparado ao TNF (p=0,001). As concentrações de glicogênio hepático dos grupos foram diferentes entre si (controle>;EN>;TNF; pThe aim of this work was to evaluate if the meaning of immobility (helplessness or adaptation) depends on the experimental model (forced swimming test or swimming stress). Immobility time (IT) and glycogen mobilization of rats submitted to swimming session were analyzed in two protocols: swimming stress (SS) and forced swimming test (FST). We also compared the effects of desipramine and diazepam. The experiments were recorded to evaluate the IT. The rats, after swimming session, were sacrificed and hepatic and muscles samples were prepared to the quantification of glycogen. IT was lower in SS than in FST (p=0.001). Hepatic glycogen concentration were different one from another (control>;FST>;SS;

Nandrolone and resistance training induce heart remodeling: Role of fetal genes and implications for cardiac pathophysiology

Aims: This study was conducted to assess the isolated and combined effects of nandrolone and resistance training on cardiac morphology, function, and mRNA expression of pathological cardiac hypertrophy markers.Main methods: Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups and submitted to 6 weeks of treatment with nandrolone and/or resistance training. Cardiac parameters were determined by echocardiography. Heart was analyzed for collagen infiltration. Real-time RT-PCR was used to assess the pathological cardiac hypertrophy markers.Key findings: Both resistance training and nandrolone induced cardiac hypertrophy. Nandrolone increased the cardiac collagen content, and reduced the cardiac index in non-trained and trained groups, when compared with the respective vehicle-treated groups. Nandrolone reduced the ratio of maximum early to late transmitral flow velocity in non-trained and trained groups, when compared with the respective vehicle-treated groups. Nandrolone reduced the alpha-myosin heavy chain gene expression in both non-trained and trained groups, when compared with the respective vehicle-treated groups. Training reduced the beta-myosin heavy chain gene expression in the groups treated with vehicle and nandrolone. Only the association between training and nandrolone increased the expression of the skeletal alpha-actin gene and atrial natriuretic peptide in the left ventricle.Significance: This study indicated that nandrolone, whether associated with resistance training or not, induces cardiac hypertrophy, which is associated with enhanced collagen content, re-expression of fetal genes the in left ventricle, and impaired diastolic and systolic function. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAEPEX/UNICAMPConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Estadual Campinas, Piracicaba Dent Sch, Dept Physiol Sci, Piracicaba, SP, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Med, Heart Inst InCor, Hypertens Unit, São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Sci & Technol, São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Phys Educ & Sports, Biochem Lab, São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Campinas, Piracicaba Dent Sch, Dept Morphol, Piracicaba, SP, BrazilPontifical Catholic Univ Campinas, Life Sci Ctr, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Inst Sci & Technol, São Paulo, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 05/60284-6Web of Scienc

Influence of anxiety and menstrual cycle on the production of volatile sulfur compounds in helthy individuals

Orientador: Fernanda Klein MarcondesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: Alterações emocionais têm sido relacionadas à ocorrência da halitose que é caracterizada pelo aumento na produção de compostos sulfurados voláteis (CSV) no arbucal exalado. Além disso, oscilações hormonais do ciclo menstrual também têm sido relacionadas a alterações na homeostasia bucal. Porém, ainda não está esclarecida a relação entre halitose, alterações emocionais e ciclo menstrual. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência da ansiedade e do ciclo menstrual sobre a produção de CSV em homens (n=17) e em mulheres (n=14) nas fases pré-menstrual, menstrual e folicular, determinadas pelo método do calendário. A ansiedade foi induzida pelo "Video-Recorded Stroop Color-Word Test" (VRSCWT), que consiste na leitura, em 2 min, das cores em que 100 palavras designativas de cores estão pintadas, sendo que cada palavra apresentada encontra-se em cor diferente de seu significado. Por meio do questionário "Beck Anxiety Inventory" (BAI), foi avaliado o nível basal de ansiedade. A concentração bucal de CSV (halímetro), pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica, freqüência cardíaca, cortisol salivar, fluxo salivar e concentração total de proteínas salivares foram avaliados antes e apos o VRSCWT. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando-se análise de variância (p<0,05). De acordo com o BAI, os voluntários não apresentaram alterações nos níveis basais de ansiedade. Na condição basal, as concentrações de CSV foram maiores durante as fases menstrual (131 ± 14) e pré-menstrual (124± 15) em relação à fase folicular (123± 15) e homens (85± 15 ppb; p<0,05). Mulheres na fase pré-menstrual (0,26 ± 0,04) apresentaram menor fluxo salivar do que as mulheres nas fases menstrual (0,31 ± 0,04), folicular (0,33 ± 0,05) e homens (0,40±0,04 mL/min; p<0,05). A concentração total de proteínas salivares foi maior em homens (1,OO± 0,06, p<0,05) em comparação as fases do ciclo reprodutivo (menstrual = 0,77 ± 0,12; pré-menstrual = 0,70± 0,06; folicular =0,78 ± 0,10 mg/mL). Em homens, a pressão sistólica (125± 2; p<0,05) foi maior em relação às mulheres (prémenstrual = 108±2; menstrual = 110± 2; folicular = 110±2 rnrnHg). Ao contrário, homens apresentaram menor freqüência cardíaca (69± 1 bpm; p<0,05) em relação às mulheres (pré-menstrual = 80 ± 2; menstrual = 77 ± 3; folicular = 79±3 bpm). Foi observada maior concentração salivar de cortisol na fase menstrual (1,7 ±0,2; p0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que a ansiedade pode contribuir para o aumento da produção de CSV em homens, e que o status hormonal de homens e mulheres pode participar deste processoAbstract: Psychological symptoms have been pointed out as a factor, which induces halitosis, which is characterized by the increased production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) presented in the oral breathing. ln addition, hormonal fluctuation of the menstrual cycle has been show to affect oral homeostasis. However, the relationship among menstrual cycle, emotional factors and halitosis is not clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of anxiety and menstrual cycle on the production of VSC in women (n=14) and in men (n=17). After approval by the ethics committee, volunteers with good oral and general health were submitted to the Video-Recorded Stroop Color-Word Test (VRSCWT) used to elicit anxiety. ln women, the test was performed on the pre-menstrual, menstrual and follicular phases of their regular reproductive cycles. The menstrual phases were determined by the calendar method. The baseline level of anxiety was measured through the "Beck Anxiety Inventory:' (BAl) before the VRSCWT. The VSC (ppb-halimeter), salivary flow (mL/min), total salivary protein concentration (mg/mL), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP, mmHg), heart rate (HR, bpm) and salivary cortisol (ug/dL) measurements were performed before and after the application of the VRSCWT. Data were compared by Analysis of Variance (p0.05) as compared to women in any menstrual phase (menstrual = 0.77 ± 0.12; pre-menstrual = 0.71 ±0.06; follicular = 0.78 ±0.18). SBP was higher in men (125 ± 2) as compared to women (pre-menstrual = 108 ± 2; menstrual = 110 ± 2; follicular = 111 ± 2). Heart rate was lower in men (69 ± 1) as compared to women in any phase of the menstrual cyc1e (pre-menstrual = 80 ± 2; menstrual = 77 ± 3; follicular =80 ± 3). Salivary cortisol was higher in women during menstrual phase (1.7 ± 0.2) in comparison with men (1.3 ± 0.07) and women in pre-menstrual (1.3±0.13) and follicular (1.4 ±0.19) phases. In men, the VRSCWT induced an increase in oral concentration of VSC (97 ±11, p0.05). These changes were associated with increases of SBP (128±1) and heart rate (74± 1) (p0.05). The results of the present study showed that, in men, the anxiety might contribute to production of VSC. Also, the hormonal status of men and women might be involved in this processDoutoradoFisiologia OralDoutor em Odontologi

Analysis of the meaning of the immobility time in swimming experimental models

The aim of this work was to evaluate if the meaning of immobility (helplessness or adaptation) depends on the experimental model (forced swimming test or swimming stress). Immobility time (IT) and glycogen mobilization of rats submitted to swimming session were analyzed in two protocols: swimming stress (SS) and forced swimming test (FST). We also compared the effects of desipramine and diazepam. The experiments were recorded to evaluate the IT. The rats, after swimming session, were sacrificed and hepatic and muscles samples were prepared to the quantification of glycogen. IT was lower in SS than in FST (p=0.001). Hepatic glycogen concentration were different one from another (control>FST>SS;pEN>TNF; p<0,05). Nos músculos gastrocnêmio e sóleo, as concentrações de glicogênio foram menores no EN comparado ao controle e TNF (p<0,05). O TI do grupo tratado com desipramina e diazepam também foi mensurado. A desipramina diminuiu o TI no TNF, sem alterá-lo no EN. O diazepam aumentou o TI no EN sem alteração no TNF. Concluímos que o EN e o TNF induziram respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais distintas e representam situações diferentes para o animal.479485Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Effects of stress hormones on the production of volatile sulfur compounds by periodontopathogenic bacteria

Little is known about the effects of stress hormones on the etiologic agents of halitosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of adrenaline (ADR), noradrenaline (NA) and cortisol (CORT) on bacteria that produce volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), the major gases responsible for bad breath. Cultures of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas endodontalis (Pe), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) were exposed to 50 µM ADR, NA and CORT or equivalent volumes of sterile water as controls for 12 and 24 h. Growth was evaluated based on absorbance at 660 nm. Portable gas chromatography was used to measure VSC concentrations. Kruskal-Wallis and the Dunn post-hoc test were used to compare the groups. For Fn, ADR, NA and CORT significantly reduced bacterial growth after 12 h and 24 h (p 0.05). In the Pi cultures, ADR, NA and CORT increased H2S (p < 0.05). Catecholamines and cortisol can interfere with growth and H2S production of sub-gingival species in vitro. This process appears to be complex and supports the association between stress and the production of VSC

In vitro effects of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on growth and production of volatile sulphur compounds by oral bacteria

ABSTRACT Objective Halitosis can be caused by microorganisms that produce volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), which colonize the surface of the tongue and subgingival sites. Studies have reported that the use of natural products can reduce the bacterial load and, consequently, the development of halitosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia on the growth and volatile sulphur compound (VSC) production of oral bacteria compared with chlorhexidine. Material and Methods The effects of these substances were evaluated by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) in planktonic cultures of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis. In addition, gas chromatography analyses were performed to measure the concentration of VSCs from bacterial cultures and to characterize M. alternifolia oil components. Results The MIC and MBC values were as follows: M. alternifolia - P. gingivalis (MIC and MBC=0.007%), P. endodontalis (MIC and MBC=0.007%=0.5%); chlorhexidine - P. gingivalis and P. endodontalis (MIC and MBC=1.5 mg/mL). M. alternifolia significantly reduced the growth and production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by P. gingivalis (p<0.05, ANOVA-Dunnet) and the H2S and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) levels of P. endodontalis (p<0.05, ANOVA-Dunnet). Chlorhexidine reduced the growth of both microorganisms without altering the production of VSC in P. endodontalis. For P. gingivalis, the production of H2S and CH3SH decreased (p<0.05, ANOVA-Dunnet). Conclusion M. alternifolia can reduce bacterial growth and VSCs production and could be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine