Propuesta de mejoramiento continuo mediante el uso de Lean Manufacturing para el área de comercio exterior de la empresa Vitrofarma S.A.

96p.This work is focused on the application of continuous improvement through the tools of lean learned in the international production and logistics specialization in the Colombian companies' foreign trade area, it is observed that many of the companies in Colombia have not taken into account these tools to simplify and improve service delivery processes within the same companies, so they are not believed to be able to directly value the product or its sale. Given this, an analysis of the foreign trade area in the company is carried out Vitrofarma S.A., where opportunities for improvement are identified and a solution that can help make the process more efficient and effective, likewise Raise awareness among your collaborators so that they have a mindset of change to be more versatile and make the most of the technological tools that they exist for the management of international trade. Additionally, this is a management model that is focused on having steps established and the maximum value can be delivered to customers also using the minimum necessary resources. Based on this, there must be better management in activities, better planning and execution of these, that there are no delays in orders, also improvements in the process of transporting the merchandise, thus giving a quality in processes. Whenever an improvement is required, it is essential to consider that it has established parameters to which we must abide, and that with experience have been managed to correct those processes that have caused low production or demand and that therefore it has led to the organization not emerging as required, if a process fails or it is badly established to divide those processes that depend on it. Due to this a good organization and a good follow-up highlight that the product have a strict control that will go through several evaluations where an improvement will be chosen in case it has flaws in any of its processes. The areas involved must abide by established norms so that they can give quick solution to the problems presented, and that this does not lead to non-compliance with requirements that are important to the company.Bibliografía A, G. (22 de agosto de 2013). Prezi .com. Obtenido de prezi.com: https://prezi.com/ap0svctowzcj/lean-manufacturing-hca/ Aguirre, A. (2014). Analisis de las herramientas Lean Manufacturing para la eliminacion de desperdicios en las Pymes. Bogota: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Alberto, H. B. (2011). Aplicación de los conceptos Lean y Agile en la planificación de productos de consumo masivo. peru: universidad politecnica de catalunya. Boppana, V. (2012). Improvement of manufacturing operations at a pharmaceutical company. Trinidad y tobago: The university of the west indies. Cadena, A. (12 de enero - junio de 2007). Impacto en Colombia de la LexMercatoria. Civilizar. Ciencias Sociales y Humanas. bogota, colombia. Chase, R. B. (2005). Administración de producción y operaciones: manufactura y servicios. mexico: McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Clery, A. (2009). Aplicación y uso del sistema Kanban para lograr la eficiencia operativa de una empresa. santa fe argentina: El Cid editor. Colombia, M. d. (05 de julio de 2015). código sustantivo del trabajo Recuperado el 05 de 07 de 2015. bogota, colombia. Edward, J. H. (1988). The Just In Time - Time Breakthrough: Implementing The New Manufactorin Basics. bogota: norma. Francisco, R. S. (2005). Las 5S orden y limpieza en el puesto de trabajo. madrid: Fundación con fe metal. Garcia, E. J. (2015). estudio del flujo de la cadena de valor para una produccion en la industria alimentaria. valladoli: Escuela de ingenieros industriales de Valladoli. Gill, J. &. (2010). Research Methods for Managers. LONDRES. Gomez, C. P. (2009). Adopcion de politicas Lean Suply Chain en la cadena porcina. Cataluña: Univeritat de girona. Gonzales, A. (22 de agosto de 2013). Prezi .com. Obtenido de prezi.com: https://prezi.com/ap0svctowzcj/lean-manufacturing-hca/ González A., L. A. (2013). Propuesta para la utilización de lean manufacturing en el centro de distribución nacional de la empresa Hyundai Colombia automotriz S.A Escuela Colombiana de Carreras Industriales. Facultad de Ingeniería. bogota, colombia. gonzalez, b. (16 de abril de 2010). LDBD Mejora de Procesos Empresariales. Recuperado el 18 de septiembre de 2016, de https://www.google.com.co/#q=mejores+practicas+para+aumentar+la+eficiencia+en+los+ procesos+de+gestion+ Harold, k. (2006). proyect management a systems aproach to planning scheduling and controlling . New York: Jhon wiley and sons. Ibon, S. I. (2007). Análisis de la aplicabilidad de la técnica Value Stream Mapping en el rediseño de sistemas productivos. españa: universidad de girona. Leech, N., Dellinger, A., & Brannagan, K. &. (2010). Evaluating Mixed Research Studies: A Mixed Methods Approach. Journal of Mixed Methods Research. Beltsville, USA. Lefcovich, L. M. (2009). Estrategia Kaizen. santa fe argentina: El cid Editor . Márquez, Y. (1 de junio de 2006). proquest. Recuperado el 18 de septiembre de 2016, de Estimaciones econométricas del crecimiento en Colombia mediante la Ley de Thirlwall: http://bidig.areandina.edu.co/index.php/generales-y-multidisciplinarias-proquest Matías, J. C. (2013). Lean manufacturing Conceptos, técnicas e implantación. madrid: fundacion eoi. Padilla, I. l. (2010). LEAN MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURA ESBELTA/ÁGIL. guatemala: revista ingenieria primero. Patricia, M. R. (2010). Diseñar e implementar plan de mejoramiento de calidad basado en el metodo de 5s para laboratorios Bussie. Bogota: Escuela colombiana de carreras industriales. portafolio. (13 de febrero de 2006). proquest. Recuperado el 18 de septiembre de 2016, de http://proxy.bidig.areandina.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.proxy.bid ig.areandina.edu.co:2048/docview/334544375?accountid=50441 Rajadell Carreras Manuel, S. G. (2010). Lean Manufactoring la evidencia de una necesidad. españa: Diaz de Santos. Suárez, M. F. (2007). El Kaizen: La Filosofía de Mejora Continua e Innovación Incremental detrás de la Administración por Calidad Total. mexico: panorama. Villacreses, K. F. (2006). Implementación de una Metodología con la Técnica 5S para Mejorar el Área de Matricería de una Empresa Extrusora de Aluminio. guayaquil ecuador . Vitrofarma. (siete de mayo de 2015). Vitrofarma. Obtenido de http://www.Vitrofarma.com/nosotros.html Rafael, C. C. (2014). TPS Americanizado: Lean Six Sigma TOC. Simplificado.PYMES. mexico.Este trabajo está enfocado a la aplicación mejora continua por medio de las herramientas de lean aprendidas en la especialización de producción y logística internacional en el área de comercio exterior de las empresas colombianas, se observa que muchas de las empresas en Colombia no han tenido en cuenta estas herramientas para simplificar y mejorar los procesos de prestación de servicios dentro de las mismas compañías, por lo que no se cree que puedan dar un valor directo al producto o su venta. Dado a conocer esto, se realiza un análisis del área de comercio exterior en la empresa Vitrofarma S.A., donde se identifican las oportunidades de mejora y se propone una solución que pueda ayudar a que el proceso sea más eficiente y eficaz, de igual forma se concientiza a sus colaboradores para que tengan una mentalidad de cambio , se direccionen a ser más polivalentes y que aprovechen al máximo las herramientas tecnológicas que existen para el manejo del comercio internacional. Adicionalmente este es un modelo de gestión que va enfocado a que tenga pasos establecidos y se pueda entregar el máximo valor para los clientes así mismo utilizando los mínimos recursos necesarios. Con base en esto debe haber una mejor gestión en las actividades, mejor planificación y ejecución de estas, que no ocurran retrasos en los pedidos, igualmente mejoras en el proceso de transporte de la mercancía, dando así una calidad en procesos. Cada vez que se requiera de una mejora, es indispensable considerar que se tiene establecidos parámetros a los cuales hay que regirnos, y que con la experiencia se han logrado corregir aquellos procesos que han causado una baja producción o demanda y que por lo tanto ha llevado a que la organización no surja como se requiere, si un proceso falla o está mal establecido fraccionara aquellos procesos que dependen de este. Debido a esto una buena organización y un buen seguimiento destacan que el producto tenga un estricto control que pasara por varias evaluaciones donde se optara por una mejora en caso de que tenga falencia en alguno de sus procesos. Las áreas involucradas deben regirse a normas establecidas para que así puedan dar solución rápidamente a los problemas presentados, y que esto no lleve a incumplir con requerimientos que son importantes para la empresa

Stride: a flexible software platform for high-performance ultrasound computed tomography

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Advanced ultrasound computed tomography techniques like full-waveform inversion are mathematically complex and orders of magnitude more computationally expensive than conventional ultrasound imaging methods. This computational and algorithmic complexity, and a lack of open-source libraries in this field, represent a barrier preventing the generalised adoption of these techniques, slowing the pace of research, and hindering reproducibility. Consequently, we have developed Stride, an open-source Python library for the solution of large-scale ultrasound tomography problems. METHODS: On one hand, Stride provides high-level interfaces and tools for expressing the types of optimisation problems encountered in medical ultrasound tomography. On the other, these high-level abstractions seamlessly integrate with high-performance wave-equation solvers and with scalable parallelisation routines. The wave-equation solvers are generated automatically using Devito, a domain-specific language, and the parallelisation routines are provided through the custom actor-based library Mosaic. RESULTS: We demonstrate the modelling accuracy achieved by our wave-equation solvers through a comparison (1) with analytical solutions for a homogeneous medium, and (2) with state-of-the-art modelling software applied to a high-contrast, complex skull section. Additionally, we show through a series of examples how Stride can handle realistic numerical and experimental tomographic problems, in 2D and 3D, and how it can scale robustly from a local multi-processing environment to a multi-node high-performance cluster. CONCLUSIONS: Stride enables researchers to rapidly and intuitively develop new imaging algorithms and to explore novel physics without sacrificing performance and scalability. This will lead to faster scientific progress in this field and will significantly ease clinical translation

Cooperative learning methodologies through Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

El desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) permite en el ámbito docente la posibilidad de realizar actividades que suelen resultar atractivas para el alumnado. Cuando están vinculadas de una manera pertinente hacia las competencias que se pretenden conseguir en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, tienen un gran valor didáctico. Si este tipo de actividades se combina o enmarca en una metodología de trabajo cooperativo, el efecto puede ser muy positivo en la actividad docente. Las estructuras cooperativas gozan de un consistente apoyo en relación a los resultados de aprendizaje, así como sobre otros factores como la motivación personal, la valoración propia o las relaciones establecidas entre el alumnado. El presente trabajo describe una experiencia conjunta que pone en valor el trabajo cooperativo como estrategia didáctica, y la utilización de las TIC como instrumento metodológico en diferentes asignaturas y grados en la Universidad de Córdoba realizada durante el curso académico 2018-19. Se analizan sus efectos, así como aspectos a tener en cuenta para su implementación. Siendo la valoración general positiva se observa que el alumnado se implica y aumenta el trabajo autónomo con esta metodología junto con la necesidad de sistematización de la tarea por parte del profesorado.The development of the information and communication technologies (ICT) allows in the teaching field the possibility of performing activities which are attractive for the students. These have a considerable educational value when they are linked in a proper way with the skills intended to be reached in the teaching-learning process. If these types of activities are combined within a collaborative methodology frame, the impact could be highly positive in teaching. The cooperative layouts have a strong support related with the learning results, as well as other factors like personal motivation, a better self-esteem or the established relationships among students. The current work describes a joint experience that points out the value of cooperative learning as didactic strategy, and the use of ICT as a methodological instrument in different subjects and degrees at the University of Cordoba during the academic year 2018-19. It analyzes its effects, in addition to important matters for its implementation. Evaluating this experience in a positive way, it is observed student body is implied, their autonomous work grows together with the necessity of systematizing of the task by the professor

Inadequate use of antibiotics in the covid-19 era: effectiveness of antibiotic therapy

Background: Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the concept of medicine. This work aims to analyze the use of antibiotics in patients admitted to the hospital due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This work analyzes the use and effectiveness of antibiotics in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 based on data from the SEMI-COVID-19 registry, an initiative to generate knowledge about this disease using data from electronic medical records. Our primary endpoint was all-cause in-hospital mortality according to antibiotic use. The secondary endpoint was the effect of macrolides on mortality. Results: Of 13, 932 patients, antibiotics were used in 12, 238. The overall death rate was 20.7% and higher among those taking antibiotics (87.8%). Higher mortality was observed with use of all antibiotics (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.21–1.62; p <.001) except macrolides, which had a higher survival rate (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.64–0.76; p <.001). The decision to start antibiotics was influenced by presence of increased inflammatory markers and any kind of infiltrate on an x-ray. Patients receiving antibiotics required respiratory support and were transferred to intensive care units more often. Conclusions: Bacterial co-infection was uncommon among COVID-19 patients, yet use of antibiotics was high. There is insufficient evidence to support widespread use of empiric antibiotics in these patients. Most may not require empiric treatment and if they do, there is promising evidence regarding azithromycin as a potential COVID-19 treatment. © 2021, The Author(s)

RAF Kinase Activity Regulates Neuroepithelial Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Progenitor Cell Differentiation during Early Inner Ear Development

Background: Early inner ear development requires the strict regulation of cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation, coordinated by the concerted action of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Deregulation of these processes is associated with embryonic malformations and deafness. We have shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) plays a key role in embryonic and postnatal otic development by triggering the activation of intracellular lipid and protein kinases. RAF kinases are serine/threonine kinases that regulate the highly conserved RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade involved in transducing the signals from extracellular growth factors to the nucleus. However, the regulation of RAF kinase activity by growth factors during development is complex and still not fully understood. Methodology/Principal Findings: By using a combination of qRT-PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we show that C-RAF and B-RAF are expressed during the early development of the chicken inner ear in specific spatiotemporal patterns. Moreover, later in development B-RAF expression is associated to hair cells in the sensory patches. Experiments in ex vivo cultures of otic vesicle explants demonstrate that the influence of IGF-I on proliferation but not survival depends on RAF kinase activating the MEK-ERK phosphorylation cascade. With the specific RAF inhibitor Sorafenib, we show that blocking RAF activity in organotypic cultures increases apoptosis and diminishes the rate of cell proliferation in the otic epithelia, as well as severely impairing neurogenesis of the acoustic-vestibular ganglion (AVG) and neuron maturation. Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that RAF kinase activity is essential to establish the balance between cell proliferation and death in neuroepithelial otic precursors, and for otic neuron differentiation and axonal growth at the AVG

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

Arsenic(V) adsorption-desorption in agricultural and mine soils: Effects of organic matter addition and phosphate competition

High total and bioavailable concentrations of As in soils represent a potential risk for groundwater contamination and entry in the food chain. The use of organic amendments in the remediation of As-contaminated soils has been found to produce distinct effects on the solubility of As in the soil. Therefore, knowledge about As adsorption-desorption processes that govern its solubility in soil is of relevance in order to predict the behaviour of this element during these processes. In this paper, the objective was to determine As adsorption and desorption in four different soils, with and without compost addition, and also in competition with phosphate, through the determination of sorption isotherms. Batch experiments were carried out using three soils affected differently by previous mining activity of the Sierra Minera of La Unión-Cartagena (SE Spain) and an agricultural soil from Segovia province (central Spain). Adsorption was higher in the mining soils (and highest in the acidic one) than in the agricultural soils, although the latter were not affected negatively by organic matter or phosphate competition for sorption sites. The results show that As adsorption in most soils, both with and without compost, fitted better a multimolecular layer model (Freundlich), whereas As adsorption in competition with P fitted a monolayer model (Langmuir). Moreover, the use of compost and phosphate reduced the adsorption of As in the mining soils, while in the agricultural soils compost increased their low adsorption capacity. Therefore, the use of compost can be a good option to favour As immobilisation in soils of low adsorption, but knowledge of the soil composition will be crucial to predict the effects of organic amendments on As solubility in soils and its associated environmental risk.This work was financed by the Spanish “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” (MINECO)/EU-FEDER funds (project CTM2010-21922-C02-01) and by the Fundación Séneca (Murcia Region, project 11785/PI/09). Part of R. Clemente’s salary is paid by the European Social Fund of the European Union. E. Arco-Lázaro thanks the Spanish MINECO for the FPI grant awarded (ref.: BES-2011-050608).Peer reviewe