Lung epithelial apoptosis in influenza virus pneumonia: the role of macrophage-expressed TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

Mononuclear phagocytes have been attributed a crucial role in the host defense toward influenza virus (IV), but their contribution to influenza-induced lung failure is incompletely understood. We demonstrate for the first time that lung-recruited “exudate” macrophages significantly contribute to alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis by the release of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in a murine model of influenza-induced pneumonia. Using CC-chemokine receptor 2–deficient (CCR2−/−) mice characterized by defective inflammatory macrophage recruitment, and blocking anti-CCR2 antibodies, we show that exudate macrophage accumulation in the lungs of influenza-infected mice is associated with pronounced AEC apoptosis and increased lung leakage and mortality. Among several proapoptotic mediators analyzed, TRAIL messenger RNA was found to be markedly up-regulated in alveolar exudate macrophages as compared with peripheral blood monocytes. Moreover, among the different alveolar-recruited leukocyte subsets, TRAIL protein was predominantly expressed on macrophages. Finally, abrogation of TRAIL signaling in exudate macrophages resulted in significantly reduced AEC apoptosis, attenuated lung leakage, and increased survival upon IV infection. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a key role for exudate macrophages in the induction of alveolar leakage and mortality in IV pneumonia. Epithelial cell apoptosis induced by TRAIL-expressing macrophages is identified as a major underlying mechanism

Barrier Tissue Macrophages: Functional Adaptation to Environmental Challenges

Macrophages are found throughout the body, where they have crucial roles in tissue development, homeostasis and remodeling, as well as being sentinels of the innate immune system that can contribute to protective immunity and inflammation. Barrier tissues, such as the intestine, lung, skin and liver, are exposed constantly to the outside world, which places special demands on resident cell populations such as macrophages. Here we review the mounting evidence that although macrophages in different barrier tissues may be derived from distinct progenitors, their highly specific properties are shaped by the local environment, which allows them to adapt precisely to the needs of their anatomical niche. We discuss the properties of macrophages in steady-state barrier tissues, outline the factors that shape their differentiation and behavior and describe how macrophages change during protective immunity and inflammation

for the PhD-Degree of the Faculties of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine

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Changes in fatty acid composition of poultry meat after heat treatment

The purpose of the paper is to determine the changes in the fatty acid composition of fat in poultry meat after the heat treatment, after frying in different types and combinations of fats. Lard, sunflower oil, palm oil and a combinations of three parts of lard and one part of sunflower oil, three parts of lard and one part of palm oil and three parts of palm oil and one part of sunflower oil were used for the examination. After frying with lard in the meat, there is a greater change in the fatty acid composition, where the fatty acid С18:1n9cof 45.84%, which it had it before frying, increased to 49.05%, С18:О decreased from 10.18% to 7.45% and decreased С16:О from 29.55 % to 27.45%. After frying in sunflower oil and palm oil, there has a formation of new fatty acids in insignificant amounts. In combination of three parts of lard and one part of sunflower oil, minimal changes in the fatty acid composition of less than 1% have been observed. In frying with three parts of lard and one part of palm oil fatty acid С14:О from 0.88% to 23.81%, fatty acids С16:О decreased from 27.24% to1.72%, С18:1n9c from 48.05 % to 15.16% and С18:2n6c from 12.44% to 0.20%. After the heat treatment of the meat in three parts of palm oil and one part of sunflower oil, there is an increase in the content of fatty acid from С18:2n6cfrom 8.42% to 11.62 %. Key words: quality, frying, lard, palm oil, sunflower oi

CHANGES IN FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF POULTRY MEAT AFTER HEAT TREATMANT

The purpose of the paper is to determine the changes in the fatty acid composition of fat in poultry meat after the heat treatment, after frying in different types and combinations of fats. Lard, sunflower oil, palm oil and a combinations of three parts of lard and one part of sunflower oil, three parts of lard and one part of palm oil and three parts of palm oil and one part of sunflower oil were used for the examination. After frying with lard in the meat, there is a greater change in the fatty acid composition, where the fatty acid С18:1n9cof 45.84%, which it had before frying, increased to 49.05%, С18:О decreased from 10.18% to 7.45% and decreased С16:О from 29.55 % to 27.45%. After frying in sunflower oil and palm oil, there has a formation of new fatty acids in insignificant amounts. In combination of three parts of lard and one part of sunflower oil, minimal changes in the fatty acid composition of less than 1% have been observed. In frying with three parts of lard and one part of palm oil fatty acid С14:Оfrom 0.88% to 23.81%, fatty acids С16:О decreased from 27.24% to1.72%, С18:1n9cfrom 48.05 % to 15.16% and С18:2n6cfrom 12.44% to 0.20%. After the heat treatment of the meat in three parts of palm oil and one part of sunflower oil, there is an increase in the content of fatty acid from С18:2n6cfrom 8.42% to 11.62 %

Transcriptome profiling of primary murine monocytes, lung macrophages and lung dendritic cells reveals a distinct expression of genes involved in cell trafficking

Abstract Background Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMo) originate from the bone marrow, circulate in the blood and emigrate into various organs where they differentiate into tissue resident cellular phenotypes of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including macrophages (Mϕ) and dendritic cells (DC). Like in other organs, this emigration and differentiation process is essential to replenish the mononuclear phagocyte pool in the lung under both inflammatory and non-inflammatory steady-state conditions. While many studies have addressed inflammation-driven monocyte trafficking to the lung, the emigration and pulmonary differentiation of PBMo under non-inflammatory conditions is much less understood. Methods In order to assess the transcriptional profile of circulating and lung resident mononuclear phagocyte phenotypes, PBMo, lung Mϕ and lung DC from naïve mice were flow-sorted to high purity, and their gene expression was compared by DNA microarrays on a genome-wide scale. Differential regulation of selected genes was validated by quantitative PCR and on protein level by flow cytometry. Results Differentially-expressed genes related to cell traffic were selected and grouped into the clusters (i) matrix metallopeptidases, (ii) chemokines/chemokine receptors, and (iii) integrins. Expression profiles of clustered genes were further assessed at the mRNA and protein levels in subsets of circulating PBMo (GR1- vs GR1+) and lung resident macrophages (alveolar vs interstitial Mϕ). Our data identify differentially activated genetic programs in circulating monocytes and their lung descendents. Lung DC activate an extremely diverse set of gene families but largely preserve a mobile cell profile with high expression levels of integrin and chemokine/chemokine receptors. In contrast, interstitial and even more pronounced alveolar Mϕ, stepwise downregulate gene expression of these traffic relevant communication molecules, but strongly upregulate a distinct set of matrix metallopetidases potentially involved in tissue invasion and remodeling. Conclusion Our data provide new insight in the changes of the genetic profiles of PBMo and their lung descendents, namely DC and Mϕ under non-inflammatory, steady-state conditions. These findings will help to better understand the complex relations within the mononuclear phagocyte pool of the lung.</p

SCREENING OF THE PSYCHICAL DISTURBANCES OF THE CHILDREN FROM 3 TO 6 YEARS OLD

The assurance of optimal physical and psychical development of the child is first-degree health care. Discovering the psychical disturbances in time and reasons that cause is a precondition for adequate treatment and prophylaxis.The objects of our study are 490 children from 3 to 6 years old. We used the screening test of McCuire J. and N. Nichman.We found a relatively high percent of children with psychical disturbances. They are noticed more often in the younger children. To specify psychical disturbances we made some additional studies. The early discovering of psychical disturbances gives the possibility for timely treatment and recovery of normal psychical state of child