64 research outputs found

    Mercury iodide nucleation and crystal growth in vapor phase (4-IML-1)

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    The objectives of this experiment are to grow simultaneously three single crystals of mercuric iodide (HgI2) in an imposed temperature profile and to assess the advantages of growth in microgravity on the HgI2 crystal quality. Growth in microgravity should reduce fluctuations in HgI2 concentrations and thus decrease the resultant crystal defects. In order to test this hypothesis, a seeded growth of HgI2 crystals will be performed on International Microgravity Lab. (IML-1)

    Lipids and lipolytic enzymes of the microalga Isochrysis galbana

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    International audienceMarine microalgae are now well-known for their ability to produce omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Among these microalgae, Isochrysis galbana has received increasing interest especially because of its high DHA content and its common use in hatchery to feed fish larvae and clams. Moreover, lipolysis occurring from the biomass harvest stage suggests that I. galbana may contain lipolytic enzymes with potential interesting selectivities. For these reasons, the potential of this microalga for the production of valuable lipids and lipolytic enzymes was investigated. Lipid analysis revealed that DHA is mainly located at the sn-2 position of the phospholipids. Thus, I. galbana was considered as an interesting starting material for the lipase catalyzed production of 1-lyso-2-DHA-phospholipids which are considered as convenient vehicles for the conveyance of DHA to the brain. Lipids from I. galbana can also be used for the enzyme-catalyzed production of structured phospholipids containing one DHA and one medium chain fatty acid in order to combine interesting therapeutic and biological benefits. Starting from total RNA extract from I. galbana, coding sequences of putative lipolytic enzymes were obtained by RACE and Nested PCR. The heterologous expression of a sequence designated IgTeCe was implemented. An expression plasmid was constructed by ligating the coding sequence to a plasmid vector and then cloned and expressed in E. coli. Results showed the effective functionality of plasmid construction for the production of a recombinant protein with the expected molecular mass. Moreover, local alignment using BLASTP and biochemical evidences support the hypothesis that the expressed protein is a thioesterase. Keywords: microalgae / v-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids / phospholipids / lipolytic enzymes RĂ©sumĂ©-Lipides et enzymes lipolytiques de la microalgue Isochrysis galbana. Les microalgues marines sont maintenant bien connues pour leur aptitude Ă  produire des acides gras Ă  longue chaĂźne de la sĂ©rie v-3 comme l'acide docosahexahĂ©noĂŻque (DHA) ou eicosapentaĂ©noĂŻque (EPA). Parmi ces microalgues, Isochrysis galbana connaĂźt, ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, un intĂ©rĂȘt croissant du fait d'un contenu lipidique riche en DHA et de son importante utilisation en Ă©closerie pour nourrir les larves de poissons et les bivalves. D'autre part, la lipolyse souvent observĂ©e dĂšs l'Ă©tape de collecte de la biomasse ainsi que la forte teneur en DHA suggĂšre qu'I. galbana pourrait contenir des enzymes lipolytiques intĂ©ressantes en termes de sĂ©lectivitĂ©. Pour ces diffĂ©rentes raisons, le potentiel de cette microalgue pour la production de lipides d'intĂ©rĂȘt et d'enzymes lipolytiques a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©. L'analyse des lipides d'I. galbana a tout d'abord rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que le DHA Ă©tait majoritairement greffĂ© sur la position sn-2 des phospholipides. Dans ce contexte, les phospholipides d'I. galbana constituent une matiĂšre premiĂšre intĂ©ressante pour la production, par voie enzymatique, de 1-lyso-2-DHA phospholipides, des composĂ©s intĂ©ressants pour optimiser le transport du DHA au niveau du cerveau. À partir des lipides d'I. galbana, on peut Ă©galement envisager la production, toujours par voie enzymatique, de phospholipides structurĂ©s contenant du DHA et un acide gras Ă  chaĂźne moyenne ce qui permet de combiner des intĂ©rĂȘts thĂ©rapeutiques et biologiques intĂ©ressants. À partir des ARN totaux d'I. galbana, des sĂ©quences codant des enzymes lipolytiques putatives ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues par RACE et Nested PCR. L'expression hĂ©tĂ©rologue d'une sĂ©quence nommĂ©e IgTeCe a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ©e. Une construction plasmidique contenant la sĂ©quence codante a Ă©tĂ© clonĂ©e et exprimĂ©e avec E. coli. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que laLes microalgues marines sont maintenant bien connues pour leur aptitude Ă  produire des acides gras Ă  longue chaĂźne de la sĂ©rie ω-3 comme l’acide docosahexahĂ©noĂŻque (DHA) ou eicosapentaĂ©noĂŻque (EPA). Parmi ces microalgues, Isochrysis galbana connaĂźt, ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, un intĂ©rĂšt croissant du fait d’un contenu lipidique riche en DHA et de son importante utilisation en Ă©closerie pour nourrir les larves de poissons et les bivalves. D’autre part, la lipolyse souvent observĂ©e dĂšs l’étape de collecte de la biomasse ainsi que la forte teneur en DHA suggĂšre qu’I. galbana pourrait contenir des enzymes lipolytiques intĂ©ressantes en terme de sĂ©lectivitĂ©.Pour ces diffĂ©rentes raisons, le potentiel de cette microalgue pour la production de lipides d’intĂ©rĂȘt et d’enzymes lipolytiques a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©.L’analyse des lipides d’I. galbana a tout d’abord revĂ©lĂ© que le DHA Ă©tait majoritairement greffĂ© sur la position sn-2 des phopholipides. Dans ce contexte, les phospholipids d’I. galbana constituent une matiĂšre premiĂšre intĂ©ressante pour la production, par voie enzymatique, de 1-lyso-2–DHA phospholipides, des composĂ©s intĂ©ressants pour optimiser le transport du DHA au niveau du cerveau. A partir des lipides d’I. galbana, on peut Ă©galement envisager la production, toujours par voie enzymatique, de phospholipides structurĂ©s contenant du DHA et un acide gras Ă  chaĂźne moyenne ce qui permet de combiner des intĂ©rĂȘts thĂ©rapeutiques et biologiques intĂ©ressants.A partir des ARN totaux d’I. galbana, des sĂ©quences codant des enzymes lipolytiques putatives ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues par RACE et Nested PCR. L’expression hĂ©tĂ©rologue d’une sequence nommĂ©e IgTeCe a Ă©tĂ© initiĂ©e. Une construction plasmidique contenant la sĂ©quence codante a Ă©tĂ© clonĂ©e et exprimĂ©e avec E. coli. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que la construction plasmidique permettait bien d’obtenir une protĂ©ine recombinante avec la masse molĂ©culaire attendue. D’autre part, l’outil d’alignement local de sĂ©quences, BLASTP, ainsi que des donnĂ©es biochimiques ont permis de confirmer l’hypothĂšse que la protĂ©ine obtenue Ă©tait une thioestĂ©rase

    Genotypic and phenotypic analyses of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic bronchiectasis isolate reveal differences from cystic fibrosis and laboratory strains

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    Interprétation de la morphologie des cristaux de NiSO36H2O

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    This work has been performed in order to examine the effect of electronic polarization by surface atoms on the relative development of two complementary forms {h k l} and {˗h˗k˗l}. By considering the atomic positions given by Grandjean, Weiss and Kern (1962), it appears that the indices of the forms of crystals grown from solutions in water with added SO₂ are : {100} and {0˗1˗1} for the two trigonal pyramids, {˗1˗1˗1} for the pedion and {1˗10} for the most developed prism. The surface structure of these faces and qualitative estimates of the electronic polarization energies have been obtained by means of the P. B. C. method published by Hartman and Perdok (1955). The morphology of crystals grown from solutions at low supersaturation can be interpreted by taking into consideration the effect of NiÂČâș (H₂O)₆ and SO₃ÂČ⁻ electronic polarization. The fact that trigonal prism appear at high supersaturation is explained by the action of solvent.Cette Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© entreprise afin de rechercher l'influence de la polarisation Ă©lectronique des atomes superficiels, sur le dĂ©veloppement relatif des formes complĂ©mentaires {h k l} et {˗h˗k˗l}. Si l'on considĂšre les positions atomiques donnĂ©es par Grandjean, Weiss et Kern (1962), les indices des formes qui limitent les cristaux, obtenus Ă  partir de solutions dans l'eau additionnĂ©e d'anhydride sulfureux, se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s ĂȘtre {100} et {0˗1˗1}pour les deux pyramides trigonales, (111) pour l'hĂ©mibase, {1˗10} pour le prisme trigonal le plus dĂ©veloppĂ©. L'Ă©tude de la structure par la mĂ©thode des (P. B. C.) de Hartman et Perdok (1955), a permis la dĂ©termination de la structure superficielle des faces cristallines, et par suite, l'estimation qualitative des Ă©nergies de polarisation superficielle. La morphologie prĂ©vue thĂ©oriquement en tenant compte de la polarisation Ă©lectronique des groupements NiÂČâș (H₂O)₆ et SO₃ÂČ⁻, correspond Ă  celle des cristaux obtenus par croissance Ă  partir de solutions faiblement sursaturĂ©es. L'apparition Ă  forte sursaturation des prismes trigonaux semble par contre provenir de l'influence du solvant.Cadoret Robert. InterprĂ©tation de la morphologie des cristaux de NiSO36H2O. In: Bulletin de la SociĂ©tĂ© française de MinĂ©ralogie et de Cristallographie, volume 90, 1, 1967. pp. 44-53

    Mécanismes de croissance des faces {001} exactes et désorientées de GaAs par la méthode aux chlorures sous H2\mathsf{_2} : diffusion superficielle, croissance par spirale, mécanismes de désorption HCl et GaCl3\mathsf{_3}

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    A general theoretical model of the {001}GaAs growth has been developed to understand the different processes involved in the AsCl3_3/H2_2 and AsCl3_3/He systems. The step flow and spiral growth mechanisms, and the processes of GaCl adsorption and chlorine desorption by H2_2 in HCl have been determined by fitting theoretical and experimental curves. A mechanism of GaCl adsorption in a second layer followed by GaCl3_3 desorption, determined from a fit to experimental results obtained in the AsCl3_3/He system, explains the increase of the growth rate observed with H2_2 at low substrate temperature or at high GaCl molar fraction in the vapor phase. The parameters involved in the growth mechanisms have been calculated by taking into account mass transfert.Un modÚle théorique général de la coissance {001} de GaAs par la méthode aux chlorures sous hydrogÚne ou hélium a été élaboré afin de retrouver l'ensemble des résultats expérimentaux publiés. Les mécanismes de diffusion superficielle, de croissance en spirale, d'adsorption de GaCl et de désorption du chlore par H2_2 sous forme HCl sont analysés, en tenant compte du transfert de masse. Un second mécanisme de croissance par adsorption de GaCl en deuxiÚme couche avec désorption de GaCl3_3, paramétré à partir d'expériences effectuées sous hélium, explique les remontées des vitesses de croissance observées sous hydrogÚne à basse température ou à fraction molaire élevée de GaCl en phase vapeur

    Formation de beidellite par altération d'albite à l'autoclave à 200°. Etude en microscopie et diffraction électroniques

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    The formation of beidellite by the alteration of albite in an autoclave at 200° C. Albite alters to kaolinite or beidellite and first forms, as an intermediate product, a poorly crystallized boeiimite.Transformation into kaolinite only occurs when the solution is poor in silica and in sodium ions. Transformation into beidellite occurs either when the Na+ / H+ ratio increases in the altering solution, or when the concentration of silica becomes greater than that of a solution satured with crystalline silica (this is obtained by the addition of amorphous silica, which is more soluble). The beidellitesso formed generally has a turbostratic structure unless the transformation takes place in the presence of sodium chloride, which appears to favour a three-dimensional crystallization.L'albßte s'altÚre en kaolinite ou en beidellite en produisant d'abord, comme minéral intermédiaire, de la boehmite mal cristallisée. La transformation en kaolinite ne s'effectue que lorsque la solution est pauvre en silice et en ions sodium, La transformation en beidellite s'opÚre soit lorsque le rapport I a, croit dans la solution altérante, soit lorsque la concentration en silice dépasse celle d'une solution IH J saturee par de la silice cristallisée (ceci s'obtient par addition de silice amorphe, plus soluble). La beidellite formée est généralement à structure turbostratique sauf lorsque la transformation s'opÚre en présence de chlorure de sodium qui semble favoriser la cristallisation tridimensionnelle.Tchoubar Cyril, Oberlin Mathieu-Sicaud AgnÚs, Cadoret R. Formation de beidellite par altération d'albite à l'autoclave à 200°. Etude en microscopie et diffraction électroniques. In: Bulletin du Groupe français des argiles. Tome 20, fascicule 1, 1968. pp. 39-48

    Word-induced postural changes reflect a tight interaction between motor and lexico-semantic representations.

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    International audienceA tight coupling between lexico-semantic access and motor control has been established on the basis of neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and behavioral evidence. For example, sensory and motor cortices have been shown to be active when subjects listen to words denoting bodily actions. Kinematic analyses of subjects' motor actions during the processing of linguistic stimuli provide further insights into the nature and time-course of this relationship. However, such studies have largely focused on individual body parts, in particular the upper limbs, thus neglecting the effect of language processing on lower or whole body representations. The present study bridges this gap by evaluating the interaction between linguistic processing and whole-body postural control during quiet standing. The results reveal a systematic influence of passive listening to action verbs, but not mental-state verbs, on measures of postural control, pointing to a clear and specific neural link between words conveying action concepts and whole-body motor functions

    Effects of growth phase and nitrogen limitation on biochemical composition of two strains of Tisochrysis lutea

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    Standard and mutant Tisochrysis lutea strains were grown in batch culture for 10 days under nitrogen (N)-replete and N-reduced conditions to determine the effects of N supply in culture medium and growth phase on microalgal physiology and biochemistry. These two T. lutea strains were compared in terms of growth, morphology, associated free-living bacterial community, viability, intracellular lipid content (as measured by Bodipy staining), chlorophyll autofluorescence, and biochemical composition, with a focus on lipid class and fatty acid compositions. The standard strain (T) reached higher cell counts regardless of N supply in culture medium. In both T. lutea strains, microalgal final cell density was significantly lower in N-reduced medium. Carbohydrates were enhanced at stationary phase in both strains, regardless of N supply. The oleaginous strain (T +) accumulated triacylglycerols; whereas, the standard strain T accumulated alkenones as reserve lipids, especially in N-reduced medium and stationary phase. Each T. lutea strain exhibited an intrinsic specific FA profile in neutral lipids (NL) and, to a lesser extent, in polar lipids (PL) independent of N supply and growth phase. T + contained more saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (especially 14:0 and 18:1n-9), but less polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:4n-3 and 22:6n-3) than T. Overall, growth phase induced more changes in fatty acid profiles of both T. lutea strains in NL and PL than N supply in culture medium
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