Visió històrica de la veterinària a partir d'un text del segle XVII

Inclou la reproducció fotocopiada de l'obra Llibre dels secrets de Agricultura, casa rústica y pastoril. Per Fra Miquel Agustí. Barcelona: Esteve Liberós, 1617.Treball presentat a l'assignatura de Deontologia i Veterinària Legal (21223

Porcine circovirus 3 is highly prevalent in serum and tissues and may persistently infect wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa)

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV‐3) prevalence has been minimally investigated in wild boar; dynamics of infection and viral tissue distribution are currently unknown. In this study, serum samples from 518 wild boar (from years 2004 to 2018) were used to study frequency of infection. Also, serum samples from 19 boar captured and recaptured at least two times for a period of time from 1 month to 1 year were collected to determine PCV‐3 infection dynamics. Finally, to elucidate PCV‐3 DNA organic distribution, sera, different tissues and faeces were obtained from 35 additional wild boar. PCV‐3 DNA was extracted and amplified with a conventional PCR. For the PCV‐3 PCR‐positive sera from the longitudinally sampled and different tissue types, a quantitative PCR was performed. Genome sequence was obtained from a number of PCV‐3 PCR‐positive samples from different years, different time‐points of infection and tissues. Obtained results confirmed the susceptibility of wild boar to the virus, showing high frequency of PCV‐3 detection (221 out of 518, 42.66%) and demonstrating circulation at least since 2004. Compiled data indicate the possibility of long‐term infections, since 5 out of 10 PCV‐3 PCR‐positive boars longitudinally sampled showed positivity in samplings separated for more than 5 months. All tested tissue types' harboured PCV‐3 genome, with the highest percentage of PCR positivity in submandibular lymph node, tonsil, lung, liver, spleen and kidney. The amount of DNA in all tested PCV‐3 PCR‐positive samples was moderate to low. All partial and complete PCV‐3 sequences obtained from wild boar displayed high nucleotide identity, higher than 98%. In conclusion, this study further confirms that wild boar is susceptible to PCV‐3 infection, showing high frequency of detection in this animal species. Furthermore, PCV‐3 can be found in different tissues of wild boar and is apparently able to cause persistent infection.Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria. Grant Number: E‐RTA2017‐00007‐00‐0

Evolution of the Seroprevalence of Pestivirus and Respiratory Viral Infections in Spanish Feedlot Lambs

The presence of respiratory viruses and pestiviruses in sheep has been widely demonstrated, and their ability to cause injury and predispose to respiratory processes have been proven experimentally. A longitudinal observational study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) and pestiviruses in 120 lambs at the beginning and the end of the fattening period. During this time, the animals were clinically monitored, their growth was recorded, and post-mortem examinations were performed in order to identify the presence of pneumonic lesions in the animals. Seroconversion to all viruses tested except BHV-1 was detected at the end of the period. Initially, BPIV-3 antibodies were the most frequently found, while the most common seroconversion through the analysed period occurred to BRSV. Only 10.8% of the lambs showed no detectable levels of antibodies against any of the tested viruses at the end of the survey. In addition, no statistical differences were found in the presentation of respiratory clinical signs, pneumonic lesions nor in the production performance between lambs that seroconverted and those which did not, except in the case of pestiviruses. The seroconversion to pestiviruses was associated with a reduction in the final weight of the lambs

Infection studies with chamois border disease virus in pyrenean chamois, sheep and pig

Descripció del recurs: 13 juliol 2012Las poblaciones de rebeco pirenaico (Rupicapra pyrenaica) situadas en el Pirineo central y oriental se han reducido drásticamente debido a sucesivos brotes de enfermedad asociados a un Virus de la Enfermedad de la Frontera (BDV en sus siglas en inglés) desde el año 2001. Sin embargo, la enfermedad observada no presenta las características clásicas de la Enfermedad de la Frontera, descrita en las especies domésticas. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo investigar la patogenia de la enfermedad asociada al BDV del rebeco (ch-BDV) en rebecos infectados de manera natural y en tres especies infectadas experimentalmente: rebeco pirenaico, oveja y cerdo. En primer lugar, investigamos la excreción, distribución y cuantificación del ch-BDV en los órganos de rebecos infectados de manera natural. El suero y los tejidos analizados fueron positivos mediante RT-PCR y aislamiento vírico en todos los animales estudiados. Los hisopos nasal, oral y rectal, así como la orina fueron también positivos mediante RT-PCR en casi todas las muestras analizadas, confirmando que el virus se elimina al ambiente a través de las vías de excreción analizadas. El estudio serológico no detectó anticuerpos en ningún rebeco utilizando técnicas de ELISA y seroneutralización. El estudio genético de la región no codificante 5' confirmó que el virus pertenecía al grupo BDV-4, tal y como se había descrito anteriormente en los brotes de enfermedad. La presencia de un feto positivo al ch-BDV mediante RT-PCR sugiere que sea posible la existencia de animales persistentemente infectados. El objetivo de la infección experimental en el rebeco pirenaico fue la reproducción en condiciones experimentales de la enfermedad observada en los rebecos salvajes. Siete rebecos (cinco seronegativos y dos seropositivos a anticuerpos frente a BDV) fueron inoculados con una cepa BDV aislada de un rebeco de campo infectado. Tres animales más se mantuvieron como controles. Los cinco rebecos seronegativos infectados presentaron una viremia desde el día 2 post-inoculación (pi) hasta la muerte del animal o el fin del experimento en el día 34 pi, y desarrollaron anticuerpos neutralizantes a partir del día 18 pi. Los rebecos virémicos presentaron un descenso en el recuento leucocitario, especialmente significativo en los neutrófilos. Las lesiones más significativas se observaron en el encéfalo y órganos linfoides, que presentaron una meningoencefalitis no supurativa y una moderada depleción linfoide generalizada, respectivamente. De manera similar a los rebecos infectados de manera natural, los rebecos de este experimento también presentaron virus en hisopo nasal, saliva y heces, hecho que explicaría la elevada capacidad de transmisión horizontal observada en las poblaciones de rebecos salvajes afectadas por las epizootias. Esta infección experimental confirma que el ch-BDV es el agente etiológico primario de la enfermedad que ha afectado a las poblaciones de rebeco en los últimos años en el Pirineo. La Enfermedad de la Frontera en las ovejas cursa con un cuadro sintomático leve o subclínico, aunque se han descrito brotes de enfermedad con elevada mortalidad. En la infección experimental de oveja valoramos la susceptibilidad de esta especie al ch-BDV. No se observaron signos clínicos ni lesiones histopatológicas en los corderos inoculados aunque el BDV se detectó en suero entre los días 4 y 10 pi. Todos los corderos infectados mostraron anticuerpos neutralizantes a partir del día 21 pi. La conclusión principal de esta infección experimental fue que el ch-BDV infecta la oveja vía oro-nasal, desarrollando en ésta una respuesta humoral que elimina el virus. El BDV infecta diferentes especies animales. Previamente a la infección experimental en cerdo, habíamos detectado jabalíes con anticuerpos frente a BDV en las zonas del Pirineo donde se habían producido los brotes de enfermedad en rebeco. El objetivo principal de la infección experimental en el cerdo fue estudiar bajo condiciones experimentales los efectos del ch-BDV y la dinámica de la infección en esta especie. Los cerdos infectados mostraron una viremia desde el día 3 hasta el 14 pi, a partir del cual los animales desarrollaron una repuesta humoral. No se observó sintomatología clínica ni lesiones histológicas. Esta infección experimental demostró la susceptibilidad del cerdo al ch-BDV, lo que podría representar un problema en el diagnóstico de la Peste Porcina Clásica en el jabalí.Since 2001 several outbreaks of disease associated with BDV infection have been reported in the Pyrenees (North-Eastern Spain), affecting Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) and entailing a major population reduction. However, the clinical disease observed in the affected chamois was not the typical one described in domestic animals. The present research aims to investigate the pathogenesis of the disease associated to chamois-BDV (ch-BDV) in naturally-infected chamois and in three experimental animal models: pig, sheep and Pyrenean chamois. The shedding, distribution and quantification of ch-BDV in the organs of naturally infected chamois was investigated as a previous step to the experimental challenges in the three animal models. Sera and all tissue samples were positive to RT-PCR and virus isolation in all studied chamois. Also, nasal, oral and rectal swabs and urine were RT-PCR positive in almost all analyzed samples, confirming that the virus is shed through the main excretion routes. In addition, sera were tested for BDV antibodies using an ELISA and seroneutralization tests, with negative results. Sequence analysis of the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) confirmed that this virus was grouped into the BDV-4 genotype as reported in previous studies. The observation of a RT-PCR positive foetus in an adult female suggests that persistently infected animals could be possible. The aim of the experimental infection in Pyrenean chamois was to reproduce the disease reported in chamois in the field and to study it under experimental conditions. Seven chamois (five seronegative and two seropositive against BDV) were inoculated with a BDV isolated from a naturally-infected chamois and three animals were kept as controls. The five seronegative infected chamois were viraemic from day 2 post inoculation (pi) until the day they died or the end of the experiment on day 34 pi, and developed neutralizing antibodies from day 18 pi until the end of the study. There was also a progressive decline in their white blood cell counts, especially marked in the neutrophil count. The most consistent histopathological lesions were in brain and lymphoid tissues, where non-suppurative meningoencephalitis and generalized moderate lymphocyte depletion were observed, respectively. Like naturally infected chamois, experimentally infected animals also contained high doses of BDV in main putative excretion routes, which would explain the high transmission rate of the infection in free-ranging chamois populations in the Pyrenees. This experimental infection in chamois confirms that BDV is the primary agent of the disease that has been affecting chamois populations in recent years in the Pyrenees. Clinical manifestations of Border Disease in healthy sheep acutely infected are mild or unapparent, but a few outbreaks with high mortality have been reported. Sheep were experimentally infected with ch-BDV and examined the susceptibility to the infection of this species. Clinical signs or histological lesions were not observed in inoculated lambs but BDV was detected in sera from the infected group from day 4 pi to day 10 pi. All infected lambs showed neutralizing antibodies at day 21 pi. Therefore, ch-BDV can infect domestic sheep through the oro-nasal route, developing a humoral response that completely eliminates the virus. It is well documented that BDV can infect domestic and feral swine. In a previous study, seropositive wild boars against BDV were detected from the Pyrenees areas where chamois epizootics occurred. For this reason, experimentally the effects and dynamics of ch-BDV infection in domestic pig were studied. In this challenge all infected pigs were viraemic from day 3 to 14 pi, when all animals developed an antibody response. Clinical signs or histological lesions were not observed. Thus, the susceptibility of domestic swine to ch-BDV was demonstrated, representing a potential challenge to the monitoring of CSFV in wild swine populations

Spatiotemporal monitoring of selected pathogens in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica)

An epidemiological surveillance programme was carried out to assess exposure and spatiotemporal patterns of selected pathogens (Brucella spp., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), Mycoplasma agalactiae, Pestivirus and bluetongue virus (BTV)) in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) from Andalusia (southern Spain), the region with the largest population of this species. A total of 602 animals in five distribution areas were sampled during 2010–2012 (P1) and 2013–2015 (P2). The Rose Bengal test (RBT) and complement fixation test (CFT) were used in parallel to detect anti‐Brucella spp. antibodies. Commercial ELISAs were used to test for antibodies against the other selected pathogens. Sera positive for BTV and Pestivirus by ELISA were tested by serum neutralization test (SNT) to identify circulating serotypes/genotypes. The overall seroprevalences were as follows: 0.4% for Brucella spp. (2/549; CI 95%: 0.1–1.3) (14/555 positive by RBT; 2/564 by CFT), 0.5% for MAP (3/564; CI 95%: 0.1–1.5), 5.7% for M. agalactiae (30/529; CI 95%: 3.9–8.0), 11.1% for Pestivirus (58/525; CI 95%: 8.5–14.1) and 3.3% for BTV (18/538; CI 95%: 2.0–5.2). Significantly higher seropositivity to both M. agalactiae and BTV was observed in P1 compared with P2. Spatiotemporal clusters of high seroprevalence were also found for M. agalactiae in four of the five sampling areas in 2010, and for BTV in one of five areas in 2012. Specific antibodies against BTV‐4, BDV‐4 and BVDV‐1 were confirmed by SNT. Our results indicate that the Iberian ibex may be considered spillover hosts of Brucella spp. and MAP rather than true reservoirs. The prevalence of antibodies against M. agalactiae and BTV suggests spatiotemporal variation in the circulation of these pathogens, while Pestivirus has a moderately endemic circulation in Iberian ibex populations. Our study highlights the importance of long‐term surveillance for a better understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of shared infectious diseases and providing valuable information to improve control measures at the wildlife–livestock interface.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Two different epidemiological scenarios of border disease in the populations of Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica) after the first disease outbreaks

Since 2001 several outbreaks of a new disease associated with Border disease virus (BDV) infection have caused important declines in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) populations in the Pyrenees. The goal of this study was to analyze the post-outbreak BDV epidemiology in the first two areas affected by disease with the aim to establish if the infection has become endemic. We also investigated if BDV infected wild and domestic ruminants sharing habitat with chamois. Unexpectedly, we found different epidemiological scenarios in each population. Since the disease outbreaks, some chamois populations recuperated quickly, while others did not recover as expected. In chamois from the first areas, prevalence was high (73.47%) and constant throughout the whole study period and did not differ between chamois born before and after the BDV outbreak; in all, BDV was detected by RT-PCR in six chamois. In the other areas, prevalence was lower (52.79%) and decreased during the study period; as well, prevalence was significantly lower in chamois born after the disease outbreak. No BDV were detected in this population. A comparative virus neutralisation test performed with four BDV strains and one Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) strain showed that all the chamois had BDV-specific antibodies. Pestivirus antibodies were detected in all the rest of analyzed species, with low prevalence values in wild ruminants and moderate values in domestic ruminants. No viruses were detected in these species. These results confirm the hypothesis that outbreaks of BDV infection only affect the Pyrenean chamois, although other wild ruminants can occasionally be infected. In conclusion, two different scenarios have appeared since the first border disease outbreaks in Pyrenean chamois: on the one hand frequent BDV circulation with possible negative impact on population dynamics in some areas and on the other, lack of virus circulation and quick recovery of the chamois population.The PhD studies of LFS are funded by a University Teaching Grant (FPU: Formación de Profesorado Universitario) from the Spanish Ministry of Education (Ministerio de Educación) and ES by the Beatriu de Pinós programme (BP-DGR 2011) of the Catalan Science and Technology System. This research was supported by grant CGL2006-11518/BOS and CGL2009-09071/BOS from the Spanish government. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Serological survey of Coxiella burnetii at the wildlife-livestock interface in the Eastern Pyrenees, Spain

Coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterium that infects a wide range of animal species and causes the disease Q fever. Both wild and domestic ruminants may be relevant in the epidemiology of C. burnetii infection. In order to investigate the significance of the ruminant host community in the alpine and subalpine ecosystems of the Eastern Pyrenees, Northeastern Spain, in the epidemiology of Q fever, a serological survey was performed on samples from 599 wild and 353 sympatric domestic ruminants. Specific antibodies against C. burnetii were detected with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Domestic sheep showed the highest prevalence (12.7 %, CI 95 % 8.6-16.9), followed by European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) with a 6.8 % prevalence (CI 95 % 1.6-12.1), red deer (Cervus elaphus) with 2.4 % (CI 95 % 0-5.6), and cattle with a prevalence of 1.1 % (CI 95 % 0-3.2). No positive domestic goats, fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) were detected. Sheep flock prevalence was 75 % (nine of the 12 sheep flocks sampled were positive, within-flock prevalence ranging from 11.1 to 25.0 %), whereas cattle herd prevalence was 11.1 % (one out of the nine cattle herds sampled was positive, within-herd prevalence of 10.0 %. Both domestic and wild ruminants from the alpine and subalpine ecosystems of the Eastern Pyrenees were exposed to C. burnetii. The higher seroprevalence in sheep and its relative abundance suggest that this species may have a major contribution to the ecology of C. burnetii. Conversely, wild ruminants do not seem to represent a relevant host community for C. burnetii maintenance in the Eastern Pyrenees