13 research outputs found

    Live imaging of neolymphangiogenesis identifies acute antimetastatic roles of dsRNA mimics.

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    Long-range communication between tumor cells and the lymphatic vasculature defines competency for metastasis in different cancer types, particularly in melanoma. Nevertheless, the discovery of selective blockers of lymphovascular niches has been compromised by the paucity of experimental systems for whole-body analyses of tumor progression. Here, we exploit immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse models for live imaging of Vegfr3-driven neolymphangiogenesis, as a versatile platform for drug screening in鈥塿ivo. Spatiotemporal analyses of autochthonous melanomas and patient-derived xenografts identified double-stranded RNA mimics (dsRNA nanoplexes) as potent inhibitors of neolymphangiogenesis, metastasis, and post-surgical disease relapse. Mechanistically, dsRNA nanoplexes were found to exert a rapid dual action in tumor cells and in their associated lymphatic vasculature, involving the transcriptional repression of the lymphatic drivers Midkine and Vegfr3, respectively. This suppressive function was mediated by a cell-autonomous type I interferon signaling and was not shared by FDA-approved antimelanoma treatments. These results reveal an alternative strategy for targeting the tumor cell-lymphatic crosstalk and underscore the power of Vegfr3-lymphoreporters for pharmacological testing in otherwise aggressive cancers.The authors thank previous and present colleagues in the CNIO Melanoma Group, particularly Damia Tormo and Lisa Osterloh for help and support at the initial stages of this study; Jose A Esteban (CSIC-UAM) for critical reading of this manuscript; Lionel Larue (INSERM; France) and Martin McMahon (Hunstman Cancer Center, USA) for the Tyr:CreERT2 and BrafCA mouse strains, respectively; and Ignacio Melero at Hospital Clinico, Pamplona, Spain, for Ifnar1-deficient mice. The authors thank Isabel Blanco, Soraya Ruiz, and Virginia Granda (CNIO-Animal Facility Unit), Diego Megias (CNIO-Confocal Unit), and Eduardo Jose Caleiras and Patricia Gonzalez (CNIO-Histopathology Unit) for technical assistance. M.S.S. is funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (SAF2017-89533-R), the Asociacion Espanola Contra el Cancer (AECC), Fundacion La Caixa, and an Established Investigator Award by the Melanoma Research Alliance (MRA). D.O. is funded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health (AES-PIS PI18/1057) and "Beca Leonardo a Investigadores y Creadores Culturales 2018 de la Fundacion BBVA". The CNIO Proteomics Unit belongs to ProteoRed, PRB3-ISCIII, supported by grant PT17/0019. S.O. is also supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (BFU2015-71376-R).S

    Activaci贸n de CREB y regulaci贸n de genes tempranos por 谩cido retinoico en el subcl贸n A126-1B2

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    Tesis doctoral in茅dita le铆da en la Universidad Aut贸noma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biolog铆a Molecular.El 谩cido retinoico todo trans m),ju ega un importante papel en la proliferaci贸n y diferenciaci贸n de diversos tipos celulares. Las acciones del RA est谩n mediadas por la interacci贸n con sus receptores nucleares, que regulan la transcripci贸n de un gran n煤mero de genes uni茅ndose a los elementos de respuesta @ARES) localizados en sus regiones promotoras. En esta tesis demostramos que el RA puede ejercer tambi茅n acciones extragen贸micas que conducen a una r谩pida estimulaci贸n de la actividad de ciertas quinasas claves para la fosforilaci贸n de factores de transcripc铆贸n, que a su vez intervienen en la inducci贸n de la actividad de los promotores de d铆versos genes. El RA causa diferenciaci贸n neuronal con extensi贸n de neur铆tas en las c茅lulas A126-1B2 derivadas de las PC12, que se caracterizan por expresar un nivel elevado de receptores de retinoides. Estos cambios morfol贸gicos son similares a los produc铆dos por el NGF, el agente diferenciador por excelencia en las c茅lulas PC12. Hemos demostrado que en c茅lulas A126-1B2 el RA induce una r谩pida activaci贸n de los promotores de los genes c-fos, c-Jun y jun-B que carecen de RAREs, y hemos comprobado que la activaci贸n del gen cifos por RA requiere la participaci贸n del factor de transcripci贸n CREB. El RA causa una r谩pida fosforilaci贸n de CREB, compatible con un mecanismo de regulaci贸n de tipo extragen贸mico. Este factor, esencial en la regulaci贸n transcripcional que acompa帽a al proceso de diferenciaci贸n neuronal, es fosforilado en respuesta al RA con una intensidad similar a la observada en respuesta al NGF y ambos agentes parecen actuar a trav茅s de las mismas rutas de se帽alizaci贸n. Este efecto del RA es reproducido por un ligando espec铆fico del receptor de RA, RAR, sugiriendo la participaci贸n de este receptor en dicho proceso. La fosforilaci贸n inducida por RA se traduce en la activaci贸n de la capacidad transactivadora de CREB. Por otro lado, hemos visto que el RA induce tambi茅n r谩pida e intensamente la activaci贸n de las ERK112. Dicha activaci贸n parece ser clave tanto para la fosforilaci贸n de CREB como para la activaci贸n del promotor de c-fos mediada por el RA. La PKC y el calcio intracelular parecen ser importantes tambi茅n en la regulaci贸n de ambos procesos. Estos datos aportan la primera evidencia de actuaci贸n extragen贸mica del RA a trav茅s de la interacci贸n con rutas de se帽alizaci贸n normalmente activadas en respuesta a agentes como el NGF que inducen la diferenciaci贸n de las c茅lulas PC12. Los elevados niveles de receptores de RA, as铆 como la deficiencia en PKA de las c茅lulas A126-1B2, parecen ser factores significativos en la respuesta diferenciadora al RA.Peer reviewe

    Activaci贸n de CREB y regulaci贸n de genes tempranos por 谩cido retinoico en el subcl贸n A126-1B2 de c茅lulas PC12

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    Tesis doctoral in茅dita le铆da en la Universidad Aut贸noma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biolog铆a Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 19-10-2001El 谩cido retinoico todo trans m),ju ega un importante papel en la proliferaci贸n y diferenciaci贸n de diversos tipos celulares. Las acciones del RA est谩n mediadas por la interacci贸n con sus receptores nucleares, que regulan la transcripci贸n de un gran n煤mero de genes uni茅ndose a los elementos de respuesta @ARES) localizados en sus regiones promotoras. En esta tesis demostramos que el RA puede ejercer tambi茅n acciones extragen贸micas que conducen a una r谩pida estimulaci贸n de la actividad de ciertas quinasas claves para la fosforilaci贸n de factores de transcripc铆贸n, que a su vez intervienen en la inducci贸n de la actividad de los promotores de d铆versos genes. El RA causa diferenciaci贸n neuronal con extensi贸n de neur铆tas en las c茅lulas A126-1B2 derivadas de las PC12, que se caracterizan por expresar un nivel elevado de receptores de retinoides. Estos cambios morfol贸gicos son similares a los produc铆dos por el NGF, el agente diferenciador por excelencia en las c茅lulas PC12. Hemos demostrado que en c茅lulas A126-1B2 el RA induce una r谩pida activaci贸n de los promotores de los genes c-fos, c-Jun y jun-B que carecen de RAREs, y hemos comprobado que la activaci贸n del gen cifos por RA requiere la participaci贸n del factor de transcripci贸n CREB. El RA causa una r谩pida fosforilaci贸n de CREB, compatible con un mecanismo de regulaci贸n de tipo extragen贸mico. Este factor, esencial en la regulaci贸n transcripcional que acompa帽a al proceso de diferenciaci贸n neuronal, es fosforilado en respuesta al RA con una intensidad similar a la observada en respuesta al NGF y ambos agentes parecen actuar a trav茅s de las mismas rutas de se帽alizaci贸n. Este efecto del RA es reproducido por un ligando espec铆fico del receptor de RA, RAR, sugiriendo la participaci贸n de este receptor en dicho proceso. La fosforilaci贸n inducida por RA se traduce en la activaci贸n de la capacidad transactivadora de CREB. Por otro lado, hemos visto que el RA induce tambi茅n r谩pida e intensamente la activaci贸n de las ERK112. Dicha activaci贸n parece ser clave tanto para la fosforilaci贸n de CREB como para la activaci贸n del promotor de c-fos mediada por el RA. La PKC y el calcio intracelular parecen ser importantes tambi茅n en la regulaci贸n de ambos procesos. Estos datos aportan la primera evidencia de actuaci贸n extragen贸mica del RA a trav茅s de la interacci贸n con rutas de se帽alizaci贸n normalmente activadas en respuesta a agentes como el NGF que inducen la diferenciaci贸n de las c茅lulas PC12. Los elevados niveles de receptores de RA, as铆 como la deficiencia en PKA de las c茅lulas A126-1B2, parecen ser factores significativos en la respuesta diferenciadora al RA

    Rapid Effects of Retinoic Acid on CREB and ERK Phosphorylation in Neuronal Cells

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    Retinoic acid (RA) is a potent regulator of neuronal cell differentiation. RA normally activates gene expression by binding to nuclear receptors that interact with response elements (RAREs) in regulatory regions of target genes. We show here that in PC12 cell subclones in which the retinoid causes neurite extension, RA induces a rapid and sustained phosphorylation of CREB (cyclic AMP response element binding protein), compatible with a nongenomic effect. RA also causes a rapid increase of CREB phosphorylation in primary cultures of cerebrocortical cells and of dorsal root ganglia neurons from rat embryos. RA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB leads to a direct stimulation of CREB-dependent transcriptional activity and to activation of the expression of genes such as c-fos, which do not contain RAREs but contain cAMP response elements (CREs) in their promoters. CREB is a major target of extracellular signal regulated kinase ERK1/2 signaling in neuronal cells, and we demonstrate here that RA induces an early stimulation of ERK1/2, which is required both for CREB phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. These results demonstrate that RA, by a nongenomic mechanism, stimulates signaling pathways that lead to phosphorylation of transcription factors, which in turn activate the transcription of genes involved in neuronal differentiation

    Subcellular localization determines the protective effects of activated ERK2 against distinct apoptogenic stimuli in myeloid leukemia cells

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    ERKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases, are well characterized as key mediators in the conveyance of signals that promote cell survival in cells of hemopoietic origin, a key factor in the upbringing of leukemogenesis. It is also well known that ERKs phosphorylate a wide array of substrates distributed throughout distinct cellular locations such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell periphery, but the relative contribution of these compartmentalized signal components to the overall survival signal generated by activation of ERKs has yet to be established. To this end, we have utilized constitutively activated forms of ERK2, whose expression is restricted to the nucleus or to the cytoplasm, to investigate the consequences of compartmentalized activation of ERK in the survival of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells subjected to distinct apoptogenic stimuli. We show that cytoplasmic ERK2 activity protected against apoptosis caused by prolonged serum starvation, whereas ERK2 activation restricted to the nucleus antagonized apoptosis induced by the Bcr-Abl inhibitor STI571. On the other hand, neither cytoplasmic nor nuclear ERK2 activities were effective in counteracting apoptosis induced by UV light. These results demonstrate that the protective effects of ERK2 against defined apoptogenic stimuli are strictly dependent on the cellular localization where ERK activation takes place. Furthermore, we present evidence suggesting that the complex I魏B-NF魏B participates on ERK2-mediated survival mechanisms, in a fashion dependent on the cellular location where ERK2 is active and on the causative apoptogenic stimulus.This work was supported by a grant from Fundaci贸n Marcelino Bot铆n, Spanish Ministry of Education Grants BMC2002-0102 (to P. C.) and SAF02-4193 (to J. L.), and by Spanish Ministry of Health Grant FIS PI020774 (to R. P.).Peer Reviewe

    Metastatic risk and resistance to BRAF inhibitors in melanoma defined by selective allelic loss of <i>ATG5</i>

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    <p>Melanoma is a paradigm of aggressive tumors with a complex and heterogeneous genetic background. Still, melanoma cells frequently retain developmental traits that trace back to lineage specification programs. In particular, lysosome-associated vesicular trafficking is emerging as a melanoma-enriched lineage dependency. However, the contribution of other lysosomal functions such as autophagy to melanoma progression is unclear, particularly in the context of metastasis and resistance to targeted therapy. Here we mined a broad spectrum of cancers for a meta-analysis of mRNA expression, copy number variation and prognostic value of 13 core autophagy genes. This strategy identified heterozygous loss of <i>ATG5</i> at chromosome band 6q21 as a distinctive feature of advanced melanomas. Importantly, partial <i>ATG5</i> loss predicted poor overall patient survival in a manner not shared by other autophagy factors and not recapitulated in other tumor types. This prognostic relevance of <i>ATG5</i> copy number was not evident for other 6q21 neighboring genes. Melanocyte-specific mouse models confirmed that heterozygous (but not homozygous) deletion of <i>Atg5</i> enhanced melanoma metastasis and compromised the response to targeted therapy (exemplified by dabrafenib, a BRAF inhibitor in clinical use). Collectively, our results support ATG5 as a therapeutically relevant dose-dependent rheostat of melanoma progression. Moreover, these data have important translational implications in drug design, as partial blockade of autophagy genes may worsen (instead of counteracting) the malignant behavior of metastatic melanomas.</p

    RAB7 Controls Melanoma Progression by Exploiting a Lineage-Specific Wiring of the Endolysosomal Pathway

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    SummaryAlthough common cancer hallmarks are well established, lineage-restricted oncogenes remain less understood. Here, we report an inherent dependency of melanoma cells on the small GTPase RAB7, identified within a lysosomal gene cluster that distinguishes this malignancy from over 35 tumor types. Analyses in human cells, clinical specimens, and mouse models demonstrated that RAB7 is an early-induced melanoma driver whose levels can be tuned to favor tumor invasion, ultimately defining metastatic risk. Importantly, RAB7 levels and function were independent of MITF, the best-characterized melanocyte lineage-specific transcription factor. Instead, we describe the neuroectodermal master modulator SOX10 and the oncogene MYC as RAB7 regulators. These results reveal a unique wiring of the lysosomal pathway that melanomas exploit to foster tumor progression
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