65 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Emerging economies, trade policy, and macroeconomic shocks
This paper estimates the impact of aggregate fluctuations on the time-varying trade
policies of thirteen major emerging economies over 1989-2010; by 2010, these WTO
member countries collectively accounted for 21 percent of world merchandise imports
and 22 percent of world GDP. We examine determinants of carefully constructed,
bilateral measures of new import restrictions on products arising through the temporary
trade barrier (TTB) policies of antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing duties. We
find evidence of a counter-cyclical relationship between macroeconomic shocks and new
TTB import restrictions as well as an important role for fluctuations in bilateral real
exchange rates. Furthermore, the trade policy responsiveness coinciding with WTO
establishment in 1995 suggests a significant change relative to the pre-WTO period; i.e.,
new import restrictions became more counter-cyclical and sensitive to real exchange
rate shocks over time. Finally, we also present results that explicitly address changes to
the institutional environment facing these emerging economies as they joined the WTO
and adopted disciplines to restrain their application of other trade policies such as
applied import tariffs.This the author accepted manuscript. The final published version can be found on the publisher's website at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387814000522# © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V
Malaria vector research and control in Haiti: a systematic review
BACKGROUND: Haiti has a set a target of eliminating malaria by 2020. However, information on malaria vector research in Haiti is not well known. This paper presents results from a systematic review of the literature on malaria vector research, bionomics and control in Haiti. METHODS: A systematic search of literature published in French, Spanish and English languages was conducted in 2015 using Pubmed (MEDLINE), Google Scholar, EMBASE, JSTOR WHOLIS and Web of Science databases as well other grey literature sources such as USAID, and PAHO. The following search terms were used: malaria, Haiti, Anopheles, and vector control. RESULTS: A total of 132 references were identified with 40 high quality references deemed relevant and included in this review. Six references dealt with mosquito distribution, seven with larval mosquito ecology, 16 with adult mosquito ecology, three with entomological indicators of malaria transmission, eight with insecticide resistance, one with sero-epidemiology and 16 with vector control. In the last 15 years (2000–2015), there have only been four published papers and three-scientific meeting abstracts on entomology for malaria in Haiti. Overall, the general literature on malaria vector research in Haiti is limited and dated. DISCUSSION: Entomological information generated from past studies in Haiti will contribute to the development of strategies to achieve malaria elimination on Hispaniola. However it is of paramount importance that malaria vector research in Haiti is updated to inform decision-making for vector control strategies in support of malaria elimination
Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Identifies Four New Disease-Specific Risk Loci
Rationale: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a complex disease with both genetic and environmental risk factors. Together, 6 previously identified risk loci only explain a small proportion of the heritability of AAA. Objective: To identify additional AAA risk loci using data from all available genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Methods and Results: Through a meta-analysis of 6 GWAS datasets and a validation study totalling 10,204 cases and 107,766 controls we identified 4 new AAA risk loci: 1q32.3 (SMYD2), 13q12.11 (LINC00540), 20q13.12 (near PCIF1/MMP9/ZNF335), and 21q22.2 (ERG). In various database searches we observed no new associations between the lead AAA SNPs and coronary artery disease, blood pressure, lipids or diabetes. Network analyses identified ERG, IL6R and LDLR as modifiers of MMP9, with a direct interaction between ERG and MMP9. Conclusions: The 4 new risk loci for AAA appear to be specific for AAA compared with other cardiovascular diseases and related traits suggesting that traditional cardiovascular risk factor management may only have limited value in preventing the progression of aneurysmal disease
International demands for austerity: examining the impact of the IMF on the public sector
What effects do International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans have on borrow-ing countries? Even after decades of research, no consensus exists. We offer a straight-forward explanation for the seemingly mixed effects of IMF loans. We argue thatdifferent loans have different effects because of the varied conditions attached to IMFfinancing. To demonstrate this point, we investigate IMF loans with and withoutconditions that require public sector reforms in exchange for financing. We find thatthe addition of a public sector reform condition to a country’s IMF program signifi-cantly reduces government spending on the public sector wage bill. This evidencesuggest that conditions are a key mechanism linking IMF lending to policy outcomes.Although IMF loans with public sector conditions prompt cuts to the wage bill in theshort-term, these cuts do not persist in the longer-term. Borrowers backslide oninternationally mandated spending cuts in response to domestic political pressures
In vitro cultivation of Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum in tick cell lines: a review
Recommended from our members
The empirical landscape of commercial policy
This chapter surveys empirically the broad features of trade policy in goods for 31 major
economies that collectively represented 83 percent of the world's population and 91 percent of the
world's GDP in 2013. We address ve questions: Do some countries have more liberal trading
regimes than others? Within countries, which industries receive the most import protection?
How do trade policies change over time? Do countries discriminate among their trading partners
when setting trade policy? Finally, how liberalized is world trade? Our analysis documents
the extent of cross-sectional heterogeneity in applied commercial policy across countries, their
economic sectors, and their trading partners, over time. We conclude that substantial trade
policy barriers remain as an important feature of the world economy
Is the dispute settlement system, “jewel in the WTO’s crown”, beyond reach of developing countries?
- …