Characteristics of meat, pet, and research rabbit farms in Brazil: An overview based on twelve farms

[EN] Rabbit production has great growth potential in a country where animal production is very important. However, there is little data about this industry in Southern and Southeast Brazil. The aim of this study was to describe Brazilian rabbit farms that provide meat, pets and animals for learning or research. Three pet farms, four meat farms and five research rabbit farms were visited, and the production and farm characteristics data were collected between June 2018 and March 2019. A total of 1170 rabbits and 617 cages were evaluated. Most farms had 21 to 60 (58.3%) does. Considering all farms, the farmers reported an average rate of conception of 71.8%, prolificacy rate of 6.7 kits per parturition, average interval between parturitions of 65 d and 6.3 parturitions/doe yr. The mean mortality rate for breeding rabbits was 10.4%, compared to 1.7% for growing rabbits (rabbits post-weaning until slaughter or sale). The average area of a cage was 0.43±0.1 m², with an average stocking density for growing rabbits of 3 rabbits/m². The most common cage system used by farmers was a flat-deck (66.7% of farms) system with a wire cage (91.7%). Metal (41.7%) and clay (33.3%) feeders were the most common types of feeders, and automatic nipple drinkers were present in 75% of the farms. Dirt accumulation was observed in 11.2% of the cages and 5.7% of the drinkers, but not in feeders. A total of 4.1% of the cages were considered unsafe, and 0.8% had problems with the drinkers. The farms studied ranged from small to medium in size, used an extensive reproductive rhythm and followed basic production techniques. Animal health and management aspects need to be reviewed by the farmer if the rabbit production conditions are to improve.: This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brazil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. 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Hierarchy Establishment in Growing Finishing Pigs: Impacts on Behavior, Growth Performance, and Physiological Parameters

In recent years, an increased number of studies have dealt with the analysis of social dominance related to animal behavior, physiology, and performance. This study aimed to investigate whether hierarchical ranking affects the coping style, non-social behavior during open field and novel object tests, performance, and physiological parameters of pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs (24 barrows and 24 females) were mixed three times during the growing–finishing period. The social and non-social behaviors of pigs were directly noted, and three behavioral tests were performed during the experimental period. Performance and physiological parameters were also recorded. Statistical analysis considered hierarchical classification (dominant vs. intermediary vs. subordinate) and p-values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. After three regroupings, the pigs in different hierarchical classifications showed no change in hair cortisol values and open-field and novel object tests. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and leukocyte values increased in intermediary pigs, and the lowest counts were found in pigs classified as dominants. Furthermore, dominant pigs visited the feeder more but spent shorter time there compared to subordinate and intermediary pigs. Our results suggest that hierarchical classification influenced feeding behavior and physiological parameters without affecting cortisol values and growth performance, demonstrating a possible compensation skill.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Hierarchy Establishment in Growing Finishing Pigs: Impacts on Behavior, Growth Performance, and Physiological Parameters

In recent years, an increased number of studies have dealt with the analysis of social dominance related to animal behavior, physiology, and performance. This study aimed to investigate whether hierarchical ranking affects the coping style, non-social behavior during open field and novel object tests, performance, and physiological parameters of pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs (24 barrows and 24 females) were mixed three times during the growing–finishing period. The social and non-social behaviors of pigs were directly noted, and three behavioral tests were performed during the experimental period. Performance and physiological parameters were also recorded. Statistical analysis considered hierarchical classification (dominant vs. intermediary vs. subordinate) and p-values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. After three regroupings, the pigs in different hierarchical classifications showed no change in hair cortisol values and open-field and novel object tests. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and leukocyte values increased in intermediary pigs, and the lowest counts were found in pigs classified as dominants. Furthermore, dominant pigs visited the feeder more but spent shorter time there compared to subordinate and intermediary pigs. Our results suggest that hierarchical classification influenced feeding behavior and physiological parameters without affecting cortisol values and growth performance, demonstrating a possible compensation skill.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Hierarchy Establishment in Growing Finishing Pigs: Impacts on Behavior, Growth Performance, and Physiological Parameters

Pigs are social animals that live in groups with well-established social structures and have always been a key species in debates over farm animal welfare. However, intensive production systems often fail to adequately consider pigs’ social needs. Group housing still presents major welfare concerns due to increased aggression for up to 48 h after pigs are mixed, with potentially chronic levels of aggression if stable social groups are not established. In our study we analyzed pig behavior, performance and physiological parameters after repeated mixing events. We compared individuals, using a dominance sociomatrix, and tested different hypothesis concerning pigs occupying different social ranking. The results suggest that hierarchical classification influenced feeding behavior and that pigs developed a possible compensation skill. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of hierarchy and its biological relevance in group-housed pigs. Having a better understanding of individual differences, according to their social rank, may help producers and researchers identify and implement management strategies to reduce agonistic interactions and promote affiliative behaviors.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Weaned piglets fed diets with milk protein and supplemental zinc

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da utilização de proteína láctea ou zinco suplementar na dieta sobre o desempenho, os pesos relativos do intestino delgado e fígado, a morfologia intestinal e as concentrações séricas de IGF-I (fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina), hormônio do crescimento e zinco em leitões. O experimento teve duração de 14 dias e foi realizado com 60 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade (5,43 ± 0,46 kg), em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em fatorial 2 x 2, composto de dois níveis de proteína láctea (com e sem, 4%) e dois de zinco (com e sem, 2.250 ppm) na dieta. No período de 1 a 7 dias de experimento, o zinco proporcionou melhor conversão alimentar e, no período de 1 a 14 dias, promoveu maior pesos aos 14 dias e maior ganho de peso. O fornecimento de proteína láctea na dieta piorou a conversão alimentar nas duas fases (de 1 a 7 dias e de 1 a 14 dias de experimento) e resultou em menor profundidade de cripta no jejuno aos 7 dias e maior altura de vilosidade aos 14 dias de experimento. Aos 7 dias de experimento, Houve interação proteína láctea e zinco para a relação altura de vilosidades:profundidade de criptas do jejuno, a qual foi também maior nos animais recebendo proteína láctea. A adição de zinco na dieta reduziu a concentração de IGF-I e o peso relativo do fígado aos 14 dias de experimento, enquanto o uso de proteína láctea aumentou a concentração de IGF-I. A inclusão de proteína láctea melhorou a conversão alimentar, influenciou a morfologia intestinal e aumentou a concentração de IGF-I, mas a suplementação de zinco não foi eficiente para alterar os níveis de hormônio do crescimento no organismo.It was evaluated the effects of using milk protein or supplemental zinc in the diet on performance, relative weights of small intestine and liver, intestine morphology and IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor) serum concentrations, growth hormone and zinc in piglets. The experiment lasted 14 days and it was carried out using 60 piglets weaned at 21 days of age (5.43 ± 0.46 kg) in a complete random design, in a 2 x 2 factorial composed of two levels of milk protein (with and without, 4%) and two levels of zinc (with or without, 2,250 ppm) in the diet. In the 1-7 day experiment period, zinc provided better feed conversion and the in the 1-14 day experiment period, it promoted higher body weight at 14 days and higher weight gain. Supply of milk protein in the diet worsened feed conversion in the two phases (from 1 to 7 days and from 1 to 14 days of the experiment) and it resulted in a lower crypts depth in the jejunum and a higher villous height on day 14 of the experiment. On the 7th day of the experiment, there was an interaction among milk protein and supplemental zinc for villous height:crypts depth relationship, which was also higher for animals fed milk protein. The addition of zinc in the diet reduced insuline-like growth factor concentration and the average weight of the liver on day 14 of the experiment while the use of milk protein increased IGF-I concentrations. The inclusion of milk protein improves feed conversion, affects intestine morphology and increases IGF-I concentration, but supplementation of zinc is not efficient to affect levels of growth hormone in the organism.Zinpro Performance Mineral

Mixed management in growing and finishing pigs: Differences between gender and their impacts on behavior, growth performance, and physiological parameters

Mixing, a common management strategy used to regroup pigs, has been reported to impair individual performance and affect pig welfare because of the establishment of a new social hierarchy after regrouping. In this study we aimed to determine whether mixing management (non-mixed vs. mixed) and gender (gilts vs. barrows) affect the social and non-social behavior, performance, and physiological parameters of pigs. A total of 96 growing pigs (48 barrows and 48 females) were separated into two treatments: control (CT)—pigs that were mixed once during the growing-finishing period; and social stress (SS)—pigs that were mixed thrice during the growing-finishing period. We recorded social and non-social behaviors, injury score, performance, and physiological parameters during the experimental period. Data were grouped by the period, based on each mix performed, and overall values. The statistical analysis performed considered gender and treatment. For treatment, during period–II and III, the SS group presented the highest frequency of agonistic interactions (AI), stayed longer lying laterally (LL) and sternly (LS), and explored more enrichment material (ER) than the CT group. Furthermore, SS pigs presented the highest injury score in the ear, head, and middle and posterior regions. Compared to the females, the barrows spent more time at the electronic feed station and initiated most of the agonistic interactions during period–II, and they presented a higher injury score for the ear and head regions during period–III. In conclusion, repeated regrouping significantly affected social and feeding behavior without severely altering performance and physiological parameters. Furthermore, different patterns of social and feeding behavior, agonistic interactions, and injury scores between barrows and females were observed. This study provides an understanding of the impact of mixing management and gender differences on pigs, and this knowledge can be used to improve swine productivity and welfare.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ractopamine, chromium-methionine and their combinations as metabolism modifier feed additives of growing and finishing pigs

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de ractopamina, cromo-metionina e suas combinações em dietas para suínos em crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne. Sessenta e quatro suínos da linhagem Topigs, com peso inicial de 26,56 ± 3,11 kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, com dois níveis de ractopamina (0 e 5 ppm) e dois níveis de cromo-metionina (0 e 400 ppb), totalizando quatro dietas com oito repetições (blocos) por dieta. Em cada uma das três fases, crescimento 1 (de 26,56 kg aos 50,51 kg), crescimento 2 (de 50,51 kg aos 70,32 kg) e terminação (de 70,32 kg aos 114,80 kg), os animais receberam rações fareladas e água à vontade. Ao atingirem o peso vivo de 114,80 ± 4,98 kg, os animais foram abatidos e as carcaças avaliadas quanto ao rendimento de carcaça fria, ao comprimento de carcaça, à espessura de toucinho, à área de olho-de-lombo e à relação gordura:carne. Amostras do músculo longissimus dorsi foram retiradas para mensurações de cor, pH final e perda de peso por gotejamento. A suplementação de ractopamina melhorou a conversão alimentar, o rendimento de carcaça fria, a área de olho-de-lombo, a relação gordura:carne e a perda de peso por gotejamento e reduziu os teores de vermelho e amarelo da carne. O cromo-metionina, embora tenha ocasionado redução no consumo diário de ração, não altera as características de desempenho e de carcaça nem a qualidade da carne dos suínos. A suplementação de ractopamina associada a cromo-metionina não afeta o desempenho nem as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne dos animais.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ractopamine and chromium-methionine additions and their combinations in diets for growing and finishing swines on performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Sixty-four Topigs line swines at 26.56 ± 3.11 kg initial body weight were distributed in a randomized block experimental design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme with two levels of ractopamine (0 and 5 ppm) and two levels of chromium-methionine (0 and 400 ppb), totaling four diets with eight replications (blocks) per diet. In each one of the three following phases, growing 1 (from 26.56 kg to 50.51 kg), growing 2 (from 50.51 kg to 70.32 kg) and finishing (from 70.32 kg to 114.80 kg), meal rations and water were given ad libitum to animals.When pigs reached 114.80 ± 4.98 kg body weight, they were slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated regarded to cold carcass yield, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and fat:meat ratio. Samples of longissimus dorsi muscle were taken to measure colour, final pH and drip loss. Supplementation of ractopamine improved feed conversion, cold carcass yield, loin eye area, fat:meat ratio and drip loss, and it reduced redness and yellowness components of meat. Although chromium-methionine decreased daily feed intake, it does not affect the performance and carcass traits neither meat quality of swines. Supplementation of ractopamine combined to chromium-methionine do not affect carcass traits and meat quality of animals

Cardboard and rubber objects as means of environmental enrichment for rabbits

[EN] Environmental enrichment improves rabbit welfare in rabbitries. Various toys for cats and dogs are commercially available, which are made of materials that could be safely used for rabbits as well. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether cardboard and rubber materials could be used for environmental enrichment for rabbits. The study involved 42 adult New Zealand white rabbits (20 females and 22 males), randomly assigned to seven treatment groups: “C”, without object (control); “RB”, a solid rubber ball; “FT”, a fillable teether filled with hay; “CH”, a cardboard hole; “CS”, a piece of a cat scratcher; “CSC”, a piece of a cat scratcher with catnip; “CF”, an articulated cardboard fish. The behaviour of the rabbits and the percentage of destruction of the objects were recorded for 28 d. The normal behaviours of locomotion, rearing, stretching, stereotypies and sitting were not influenced by the treatments. Lying down was observed more frequently than the full stretched out position for resting. The FT-treatment group presented most behaviours of interaction (biting and sniffing) (P<0.05) as compared to RB, CSC, and CF-treatment groups. All the objects showed some level of destruction; the mean rates of destruction for CH, CS, CSC and CF were up to 40%, whereas those for FT and RB were under 30%. Taken together, the results suggest that cardboard and rubber materials can be used as means of environmental enrichment for rabbits.This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. We thank the PUCPR for the scholarship and Petgames® for donation of the toys.Silva, KGD.; Stange, MG.; Pergorara, M.; Sotomaior, CS.; Weber, SH.; Borges, TD.; Costa, LB. (2021). Cardboard and rubber objects as means of environmental enrichment for rabbits. World Rabbit Science. 29(2):109-114. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2021.14193OJS109114292Bayne K.A. 2003. Environmental enrichment of nonhuman primates, dogs and rabbits used in toxicology studies. Toxicol. Pathol., 31: 132-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230390175020Berthelsen H., Hansen L.T. 1999. The effect of hay on the behavior of cages rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Anim. Welfare, 8: 149-157.Bozicovich T.F.M., Moura A.S.A.M.T., Fernandes S., Oliveira A.A., Siqueira E.R.S. 2016. Effect of environmental enrichment and composition of the social group on the behavior, welfare, and relative brain weight of growing rabbits. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 182: 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.05.025Buseth M.E., Saunders R.A. 2018. Rabbit behavior, health and care. CABI, Boston, USA.Gunn D., Morton D.B. 1995. Inventory of New Zealand White rabbits in laboratory cages. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 45: 277-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(95)00627-5Hansen L.T., Berthelsen H. 2000. The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of caged rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 68: 163-178.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00093-9Harris L.D., Custer L.B., Soranaka E.T., Burge J.R., Ruble G.R. 2001. Evaluation of objects and food for environmental enrichment of NZW rabbits. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci., 40: 27-30.Lang C., Weirich C., Hoy S. 2011. Frequency of occupation with different objects by growing rabbits under various conditions. J. Agr. Sci. Tech- Iran., 10: 1-9.Lidfors L. 1997. Behavioral effects of environmental enrichment for individually caged rabbits. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 52: 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01141-0Poggiagliolmi S., Crowell-Davis S.L., Alworth L.C., Harvey S.B. 2011. Environmental enrichment of New Zealand White rabbits living in laboratory cages. J. Vet. Behav., 6: 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2010.12.001Princz Z., Orova Z., Nagy I., Jordan D., Stuhec I., Luzi F., Verga M., Szendrő Zs. 2007. Application of gnawing stick in rabbit housing. World Rabbit Sci., 15: 29-36. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2007.607Rommers J.M., Bracke M.B.M., Reuvekamp B., Gunnink H., De Jong I.C. 2014. Cage enrichment: rabbit does prefer straw or a compressed wooden block. World Rabbit Sci. 22: 301-309. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2014.135

Fontes proteicas na alimentação de cães diferem entre si pelos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e proteína bruta: estudo por metanálise

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar por metanálise os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDAMS) e proteína bruta (CDAPB) de ingredientes proteicos utilizados na dieta de cães adultos. Com base na compilação dos dados dos 12 artigos científicos escolhidos, houve diferença estatística (p0,05) entre o farelo de soja e a farinha de vísceras de aves, e nesse caso o coeficiente apresentou os melhores resultados para a farinha de peixe e os inferiores para a farinha de carne e ossos (p<0,05)

O elogio retórico: uma análise literária do Salmo do livro de Yônāh

Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar os aspectos textuais do Salmo do livro de Yônāh (capítulo 2), característico de um trabalho redacional posterior à historieta popular. A nossa hipótese é que o texto cumpre a função de apresentar o profeta como um homem piedoso, não obstante a sua presunção diante da divindade. Concretamente, a nossa abordagem privilegia a literatura, mas contextualiza culturalmente a narrativa ao elucidar as suas linhas retóricas